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HUBS191 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior

A

Closer to front

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2
Q

Posterior

A

Closer to back

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3
Q

Superior

A

More up (closer to head)

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4
Q

Inferior

A

More down (closer to feet)

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5
Q

Medial

A

Closer to centre

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Closer to sides of body

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7
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to where limb joins to body

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8
Q

Distal

A

Further from where limb joins to body

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9
Q

Deep

A

Further from surface

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10
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to surface

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11
Q

Coronal plane

A

Divides into front and back

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12
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides into left and right (midsagittal or median plane)

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13
Q

Transverse plane

A

Top and bottom

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14
Q

Coronal movement

A

Side to side

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15
Q

Sagittal movement

A

Back and forward

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16
Q

Transverse movement

A

Rotating

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17
Q

Flexion (sagittal)

A

Decrease angle, fleshy parts brought together

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18
Q

Extension (sagittal)

A

Increase angle, fleshy parts move apart

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion (sagittal)

A

Foot: toes upward (ankle flexion)

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20
Q

Plantarflexion (sagittal)

A

Foot: toes pointed (ankle extension)

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21
Q

Abduction (coronal)

A

At joint, limb moves away (applies to hands)

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22
Q

Adduction (coronal)

A

At joint, limb moves toward middle line (applies to hands)

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23
Q

Inversion (coronal)

A

Foot: sole toward middle line

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24
Q

Eversion (coronal)

A

Foot: sole away from middle line

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25
Q

Circumduction (coronal)

A

Combination of 4 angular movements (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction). No rotation

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26
Q

Rotation (transverse)

A

Pivot around axis of a joint

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27
Q

Pronation (transverse)

A

Palms posterior

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28
Q

Supination (transverse)

A

Palms anterior (hold soup)

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29
Q

Musculoskeletal system functions

A

Support, movement, protection, storage, red blood cell formation

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30
Q

Structures of bone

A

Compact and cancellous

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31
Q

End of long bone

A

Epiphysis (distal or proximal)

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32
Q

Middle of long bone

A

Diaphysis

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33
Q

Classes of bone

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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34
Q

Cavity in long bones

A

Medullary

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35
Q

Skeleton divisions

A

Axial (bones of the core) and appendicular (limbs)

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36
Q

Immovable joints joining skull bones

A

Sutures

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37
Q

Vertebral column divisions

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5)

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38
Q

Hand bone arrangement

A

Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)

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39
Q

Foot bone arrangement

A

Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)

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40
Q

How do limbs attach to axial skeleton?

A

Girdles (pectoral- shoulder, pelvic- hip)

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41
Q

Bones that make up the hip bone (joint by pubic symphysis)

A

Ilium, pubis, ischium

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42
Q

Bones that make up the pelvis

A

Sacrum, coccyx, hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)

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43
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands

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44
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy

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45
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement, includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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46
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Conducts electrical impulses, carries information

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47
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialised secretions

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48
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Establish structural framework, transport fluids and dissolved materials, protect delicate organs, support, surround and interconnect other types of tissue, store energy, defend against invading microorganisms

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49
Q

Cartilage being converted bone

A

Endochondral Ossification

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50
Q

Function of organic part of bone

A

Collagen: Resist tension, provide flexibility

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51
Q

Function of inorganic part of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite, other Ca minerals: hard and resistant to compression

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52
Q

Osteogenic

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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53
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone creators (new bone matrix)

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54
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroyers (remove bone matrix to mobilise calcium, phosphate, other minerals)

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55
Q

Compact bone microscopic structure

A

Osteon structure

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56
Q

Osteon

A

Longitudinal unit providing pathway for nutrients to get to cells in ECM

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57
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of ECM

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58
Q

Lacunae

A

Lakes where osteocytes, chondrocytes live

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59
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels for osteocytes through trabecular ECM

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60
Q

Cancellous bone microscopic structure

A

Trabeculae: struts of lamella bone, red marrow fills cavities

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61
Q

Name for bone widening growth

A

Appositional growth

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62
Q

Primary ossification centre

A

Diaphysis

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63
Q

Secondary ossification centre

A

Epiphysis

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64
Q

Connective tissue in joints types

A

Cartilage and Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

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65
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (HIGH water conc, resist compression), fibrocartilage (many collagen FIBRES, resist compression and tension)

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66
Q

Types of DFCT

A

Tendons, ligaments, joint capsules

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67
Q

Tendons

A

Muscle + bone (tender)

68
Q

Ligaments

A

Bone + bone

69
Q

3 types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

70
Q

Purpose of joint capsule

A

Synovial membrane secretes fluid for lubrication of the joint, nutrients to avascular structures

71
Q

Capsular and intracapsular ligaments

A

Thickenings of the joint capsule, ligaments interior of joint capsule

72
Q

7 types of synovial joint characterised by

A

Bone end shape, capsule and ligaments, body surface contact, axes of movement

73
Q

Ground substance of fibrocartilage

A

Proteoglycans

74
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous membrane around bone

75
Q

Line of gravity in relation to leg joint

A

Posterior to hip, anterior to knee and ankle

76
Q

Hip when standing (due to gravity)

A

Pushed into extension, no energy required as ligaments taut anteriorly, lax posteriorly

77
Q

Knee when standing (due to gravity)

A

Pushed into extension, no energy required

78
Q

Ankle when standing (due to gravity)

A

Pushed into dorsiflexion, joint not locked, plantarflexors (triceps surae) needed to stabilise, energy consumed

79
Q

Agonists

A

Act concentrically

80
Q

Antagonists

A

Act eccentrically

81
Q

Stabilisers

A

Act isometrically

82
Q

Neutralisers

A

Stop unwanted movement

83
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle shortens (tension>load)

84
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle lengthens (load>tension)

85
Q

Isometric

A

Muscle active, tension = load

86
Q

What muscle characteristics determine function

A

Length of muscle fibres, number of muscle fibres, arrangement of muscle fibres

87
Q

Parallel vs pennate muscle fibres

A

Parallel: better ROM, weaker force
Pennate: worse ROM, stronger force

88
Q

Class 1 lever

A

fulcrum between force and load (head nod)

89
Q

Class 2 lever

A

Load between fulcrum and force (ankle in plantarflexion)

90
Q

Class 3 lever

A

Force between fulcrum and load (elbow)

91
Q

Cross bridge cycle attached state

A

just finished power stroke, cross bridges still present

92
Q

Cross bridge cycle released state

A

ATP binds to myosin head (prime) causing dissociation of myosin/actin complex

93
Q

Cross bridge cycle cocked state

A

ATP hydrolysed (burnt) causing myosin heads to return to resting conformation. Stores energy by changing shape of myosin, ready to pull on actin again

94
Q

Cross bridge cycle cross bridge state

A

if Ca2+ is present and bound to myofilament, contraction. Energised myosin head binds to actin

95
Q

Cross bridge cycle power stroke state

A

uses stored energy to pull, causing actin filaments to slide, sarcomere shortens (ADP released → attached state)

96
Q

Fast muscle fibre

A

Large diameter, few capillaries, few mitochondria, white, fast to peak tension, low fatigue resistance

97
Q

Slow muscle fibre

A

Small diameter, many capillaries (more space between), many mitochondria, red, slow to peak tension, high fatigue resistance

98
Q

Muscle tension depends on

A

Recruitment, frequency of stimulation

99
Q

Sustained release of Ca2+ into muscle fibre cytoplasm

A

Summation

100
Q

Maximal signalling and contraction capability of a muscle

A

Tetanus

101
Q

How much can a muscle contract at most

A

50% of total length

102
Q

Voltage gated receptor (DHPR)

A

Receives signals from t-tubule and interacts with ryanodine receptor

103
Q

Ryanodine receptor (RyR)

A

Passive calcium channel on SR that opens to allow Ca2+ into cytoplasm

104
Q

SR Calcium-ATPase (SERCA)

A

ACTIVE calcium pump moves Ca2+ back into cell against concentration gradient, ending excitation

105
Q

Muscle cell membrane name

A

Sarcolemma

106
Q

Transverse tubule

A

Invagination of sarcolemma for electrical signal (conduct electrical signals deep into fibre)

107
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane network associated with T tubules at regular intervals. Job of SR is to take up and store Ca2+ while muscle is relaxed, then release into cytoplasm when muscle contracts

108
Q

Myofilament

A

contractile proteins: actin (thin, structural scaffold that runs along myofilament (rope) double stranded coil) and myosin (thicker filament composed of individual myosins (people) and their heads (hands)). Give muscle its striated appearance

109
Q

Myofibril

A

comprised of repeating units called sarcomeres (organelle of muscle cell)

110
Q

Myocyte

A

muscle cell, skeletal muscle cell: muscle fibre (contain hundreds of nuclei). Comprised of a bundle of myofibrils

111
Q

Fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibres

112
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle

113
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding fascicle

114
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle cells

115
Q

Skeletal muscle functions

A

primary: develop force by contracting, secondary: support and protection for organs, voluntary control over major openings, convert energy to heat to maintain core temperature

116
Q

How electrical signals work in cells

A
  1. Chemical stimulus opens sodium ion channels (depolarisation)
  2. Stimulus removed, excess sodium ions transported out of cytosol (active) (repolarisation)
  3. Resting membrane potential restored
117
Q

Relative concentrations of Na+ and K+ in cell

A

K+ > Na+

117
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

difference between ICM and ECM tonicity, usually ~-70mV

118
Q

Are cell interiors positive or negative

A

Negative (due to Cl-, negative proteins)

119
Q

[ECF] > [ICF]

A

hypertonic

119
Q

[ECF] = [ICF]

A

isotonic

120
Q

[ECF] < [ICF]

A

hypotonic

121
Q

Plane synovial joint

A

Multiaxial, back and forth, side to side, twist, intercarpal joints

122
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

Uniaxial, flex and extend, elbow

123
Q

Pivot synovial joint

A

Uniaxial, rotation, radioulnar joint

124
Q

Condylar synovial joint

A

Biaxial, flex, extend, rotate when semi flexed, knee

125
Q

Ellipsoid synovial joint

A

Flex, extend, adduct, abduct, radiocarpal joint

126
Q

Saddle synovial joint

A

Biaxial +, flex, extend, adduct, abduct, oppose, thumb

127
Q

Ball and socket synovial joint

A

Multiaxial, flex, extend, adduct, abduct, rotate, shoulder

128
Q

Knee collateral ligaments

A

MCL (prevent abduction)
LCL (prevent adduction)

129
Q

Knee cruciate ligaments

A

ACL: anterior tibia + posterior femur, prevents posterior displacement of femur
PCL: posterior tibia + anterior femur, prevents anterior displacement of femur

130
Q

What determines ROM of joints

A

Bone ends (bony congruence: high = stable, low = unstable)
Ligament location and length
Body surface contact
Size of muscle

131
Q

Articular cartilage purpose in synovial joints

A

Cover articulating surfaces to enable frictionless movement

132
Q

Joint capsule

A

Outer layer thickening of DFCT, inner synovial membrane

133
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Nutrients to avascular structures (pushed in by joint loading), lubrication

134
Q

Fibrocartilaginous pads purpose

A

fill in space, provide cushioning, shock absorption, deepen articulation (e.g menisci in knee)

135
Q

Purpose of epiphyseal plate

A

Enables bone to grow in length without deforming joint articulation

136
Q

Osteon

A

hollow, longitudinal, cylindrical unit

137
Q

Lamellae

A

Series of cylinders formed of ECM around central canal

138
Q

Canaliculi

A

channels for osteocytes through ECM

139
Q

Trabeculae

A

struts of lamella bone

140
Q

Red marrow

A

fills cavities, provides nutrients

141
Q

Function of axial skeleton

A

Protection

142
Q

Function of appendicular skeleton

A

Movement

143
Q

What factors affect risk of osteoporosis?

A

Age, gender (female more likely), diet, exercise, sleep

144
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous membrane surroudning bone

145
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding fascicle

146
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle

147
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding muscle cells

148
Q

Outline the process of bones forming

A

Nucleation of Calcium atoms in bone, blood vessels grow around and bring osteoblasts, blood vessels penetrate cartilage and form medullary cavity, primary ossification centre formed

149
Q

Joint cavity

A

Potential space created by joint capsule

150
Q

Capsular vs Intracapsular ligaments

A

Capsular: part of the joint capsule
Intracapsular: within joint capsule

151
Q

Explain how the resting cell potential forms

A

Sodium/Potassium pump - 2+ in, but 3+ out

152
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

A measure of the total number of solute molecules in a fluid per litre

153
Q

hyposmotic

A

A fluid with a lower osmotic pressure than that around it - water will move away from it

154
Q

hyperosmotic

A

A fluid with a higher osmotic pressure than that around it -water will move to it

155
Q

How does an impulse get transmitted from the neuron to the muscle fibre?

A

The NMJ (Neuromuscular junction) is used. The NMJ is a specialised synapse, normally found in the middle third of the muscle fibre

156
Q

Name and differentiate the two heads of Biceps brachii

A

Long and short heads - Long head is lateral

157
Q

Name and differentiate the three heads of Triceps brachii

A

Long head (attaches to scapula) and the medial/lateral heads (attach to humerus)

158
Q

Name the four muscles in the Quadriceps femoris and differentiate them

A

Rectus femoris, vastis lateralis (lateral), vastis medialis (medial), vastis intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)

159
Q

Name the three hip ligaments

A

Pubofemeral, Illiofemeral, Ishciofemeral

160
Q

Outline hip ligament action during hip flexion

A

Anterior - lax. Posterior - taut

161
Q

What is central tendency of a data set

A

The mean of that data set

162
Q

Outline the two types of error

A

Errors that make answers more uncertain (more variability - random) and errors that move the answer away from the truth (bias)

163
Q

What effect does sample size have on the normal curve (of a sampling distribution)?

A

If sample size increases, there’s less uncertainty, and curve shrinks from the sides in

164
Q

Formula for a 95% confidence interval

A

µ +/- 1.96 * s/√n

HUBS191 (7 decks)

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