Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior
A
Closer to front
2
Q
Posterior
A
Closer to back
3
Q
Superior
A
More up (closer to head)
4
Q
Inferior
A
More down (closer to feet)
5
Q
Medial
A
Closer to centre
6
Q
Lateral
A
Closer to sides of body
7
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to where limb joins to body
8
Q
Distal
A
Further from where limb joins to body
9
Q
Deep
A
Further from surface
10
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to surface
11
Q
Coronal plane
A
Divides into front and back
12
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Divides into left and right (midsagittal or median plane)
13
Q
Transverse plane
A
Top and bottom
14
Q
Coronal movement
A
Side to side
15
Q
Sagittal movement
A
Back and forward
16
Q
Transverse movement
A
Rotating
17
Q
Flexion (sagittal)
A
Decrease angle, fleshy parts brought together
18
Q
Extension (sagittal)
A
Increase angle, fleshy parts move apart
19
Q
Dorsiflexion (sagittal)
A
Foot: toes upward (ankle flexion)
20
Q
Plantarflexion (sagittal)
A
Foot: toes pointed (ankle extension)
21
Q
Abduction (coronal)
A
At joint, limb moves away (applies to hands)
22
Q
Adduction (coronal)
A
At joint, limb moves toward middle line (applies to hands)
23
Q
Inversion (coronal)
A
Foot: sole toward middle line
24
Q
Eversion (coronal)
A
Foot: sole away from middle line
25
Circumduction (coronal)
Combination of 4 angular movements (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction). No rotation
26
Rotation (transverse)
Pivot around axis of a joint
27
Pronation (transverse)
Palms posterior
28
Supination (transverse)
Palms anterior (hold soup)
29
Musculoskeletal system functions
Support, movement, protection, storage, red blood cell formation
30
Structures of bone
Compact and cancellous
31
End of long bone
Epiphysis (distal or proximal)
32
Middle of long bone
Diaphysis
33
Classes of bone
Long, short, flat, irregular
34
Cavity in long bones
Medullary
35
Skeleton divisions
Axial (bones of the core) and appendicular (limbs)
36
Immovable joints joining skull bones
Sutures
37
Vertebral column divisions
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5)
38
Hand bone arrangement
Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)
39
Foot bone arrangement
Tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)
40
How do limbs attach to axial skeleton?
Girdles (pectoral- shoulder, pelvic- hip)
41
Bones that make up the hip bone (joint by pubic symphysis)
Ilium, pubis, ischium
42
Bones that make up the pelvis
Sacrum, coccyx, hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
43
Epithelial tissue
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands
44
Connective tissue function
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy
45
Muscle tissue
Contracts to produce movement, includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
46
Nervous tissue
Conducts electrical impulses, carries information
47
Functions of epithelial tissue
Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialised secretions
48
Functions of connective tissue
Establish structural framework, transport fluids and dissolved materials, protect delicate organs, support, surround and interconnect other types of tissue, store energy, defend against invading microorganisms
49
Cartilage being converted bone
Endochondral Ossification
50
Function of organic part of bone
Collagen: Resist tension, provide flexibility
51
Function of inorganic part of bone
Hydroxyapatite, other Ca minerals: hard and resistant to compression
52
Osteogenic
Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
53
Osteoblasts
Bone creators (new bone matrix)
54
Osteoclasts
Bone destroyers (remove bone matrix to mobilise calcium, phosphate, other minerals)
55
Compact bone microscopic structure
Osteon structure
56
Osteon
Longitudinal unit providing pathway for nutrients to get to cells in ECM
57
Lamellae
Layers of ECM
58
Lacunae
Lakes where osteocytes, chondrocytes live
59
Canaliculi
Channels for osteocytes through trabecular ECM
60
Cancellous bone microscopic structure
Trabeculae: struts of lamella bone, red marrow fills cavities
61
Name for bone widening growth
Appositional growth
62
Primary ossification centre
Diaphysis
63
Secondary ossification centre
Epiphysis
64
Connective tissue in joints types
Cartilage and Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
65
Types of cartilage
Hyaline (HIGH water conc, resist compression), fibrocartilage (many collagen FIBRES, resist compression and tension)
66
Types of DFCT
Tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
67
Tendons
Muscle + bone (tender)
68
Ligaments
Bone + bone
69
3 types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
70
Purpose of joint capsule
Synovial membrane secretes fluid for lubrication of the joint, nutrients to avascular structures
71
Capsular and intracapsular ligaments
Thickenings of the joint capsule, ligaments interior of joint capsule
72
7 types of synovial joint characterised by
Bone end shape, capsule and ligaments, body surface contact, axes of movement
73
Ground substance of fibrocartilage
Proteoglycans
74
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane around bone
75
Line of gravity in relation to leg joint
Posterior to hip, anterior to knee and ankle
76
Hip when standing (due to gravity)
Pushed into extension, no energy required as ligaments taut anteriorly, lax posteriorly
77
Knee when standing (due to gravity)
Pushed into extension, no energy required
78
Ankle when standing (due to gravity)
Pushed into dorsiflexion, joint not locked, plantarflexors (triceps surae) needed to stabilise, energy consumed
79
Agonists
Act concentrically
80
Antagonists
Act eccentrically
81
Stabilisers
Act isometrically
82
Neutralisers
Stop unwanted movement
83
Concentric
Muscle shortens (tension>load)
84
Eccentric
Muscle lengthens (load>tension)
85
Isometric
Muscle active, tension = load
86
What muscle characteristics determine function
Length of muscle fibres, number of muscle fibres, arrangement of muscle fibres
87
Parallel vs pennate muscle fibres
Parallel: better ROM, weaker force
Pennate: worse ROM, stronger force
88
Class 1 lever
fulcrum between force and load (head nod)
89
Class 2 lever
Load between fulcrum and force (ankle in plantarflexion)
90
Class 3 lever
Force between fulcrum and load (elbow)
91
Cross bridge cycle attached state
just finished power stroke, cross bridges still present
92
Cross bridge cycle released state
ATP binds to myosin head (prime) causing dissociation of myosin/actin complex
93
Cross bridge cycle cocked state
ATP hydrolysed (burnt) causing myosin heads to return to resting conformation. Stores energy by changing shape of myosin, ready to pull on actin again
94
Cross bridge cycle cross bridge state
if Ca2+ is present and bound to myofilament, contraction. Energised myosin head binds to actin
95
Cross bridge cycle power stroke state
uses stored energy to pull, causing actin filaments to slide, sarcomere shortens (ADP released → attached state)
96
Fast muscle fibre
Large diameter, few capillaries, few mitochondria, white, fast to peak tension, low fatigue resistance
97
Slow muscle fibre
Small diameter, many capillaries (more space between), many mitochondria, red, slow to peak tension, high fatigue resistance
98
Muscle tension depends on
Recruitment, frequency of stimulation
99
Sustained release of Ca2+ into muscle fibre cytoplasm
Summation
100
Maximal signalling and contraction capability of a muscle
Tetanus
101
How much can a muscle contract at most
50% of total length
102
Voltage gated receptor (DHPR)
Receives signals from t-tubule and interacts with ryanodine receptor
103
Ryanodine receptor (RyR)
Passive calcium channel on SR that opens to allow Ca2+ into cytoplasm
104
SR Calcium-ATPase (SERCA)
ACTIVE calcium pump moves Ca2+ back into cell against concentration gradient, ending excitation
105
Muscle cell membrane name
Sarcolemma
106
Transverse tubule
Invagination of sarcolemma for electrical signal (conduct electrical signals deep into fibre)
107
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
membrane network associated with T tubules at regular intervals. Job of SR is to take up and store Ca2+ while muscle is relaxed, then release into cytoplasm when muscle contracts
108
Myofilament
contractile proteins: actin (thin, structural scaffold that runs along myofilament (rope) double stranded coil) and myosin (thicker filament composed of individual myosins (people) and their heads (hands)). Give muscle its striated appearance
109
Myofibril
comprised of repeating units called sarcomeres (organelle of muscle cell)
110
Myocyte
muscle cell, skeletal muscle cell: muscle fibre (contain hundreds of nuclei). Comprised of a bundle of myofibrils
111
Fascicle
bundle of muscle fibres
112
Epimysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle
113
Perimysium
connective tissue surrounding fascicle
114
Endomysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle cells
115
Skeletal muscle functions
primary: develop force by contracting, secondary: support and protection for organs, voluntary control over major openings, convert energy to heat to maintain core temperature
116
How electrical signals work in cells
1. Chemical stimulus opens sodium ion channels (depolarisation)
2. Stimulus removed, excess sodium ions transported out of cytosol (active) (repolarisation)
3. Resting membrane potential restored
117
Relative concentrations of Na+ and K+ in cell
K+ > Na+
117
Resting membrane potential
difference between ICM and ECM tonicity, usually ~-70mV
118
Are cell interiors positive or negative
Negative (due to Cl-, negative proteins)
119
[ECF] > [ICF]
hypertonic
119
[ECF] = [ICF]
isotonic
120
[ECF] < [ICF]
hypotonic
121
Plane synovial joint
Multiaxial, back and forth, side to side, twist, intercarpal joints
122
Hinge synovial joint
Uniaxial, flex and extend, elbow
123
Pivot synovial joint
Uniaxial, rotation, radioulnar joint
124
Condylar synovial joint
Biaxial, flex, extend, rotate when semi flexed, knee
125
Ellipsoid synovial joint
Flex, extend, adduct, abduct, radiocarpal joint
126
Saddle synovial joint
Biaxial +, flex, extend, adduct, abduct, oppose, thumb
127
Ball and socket synovial joint
Multiaxial, flex, extend, adduct, abduct, rotate, shoulder
128
Knee collateral ligaments
MCL (prevent abduction)
LCL (prevent adduction)
129
Knee cruciate ligaments
ACL: anterior tibia + posterior femur, prevents posterior displacement of femur
PCL: posterior tibia + anterior femur, prevents anterior displacement of femur
130
What determines ROM of joints
Bone ends (bony congruence: high = stable, low = unstable)
Ligament location and length
Body surface contact
Size of muscle
131
Articular cartilage purpose in synovial joints
Cover articulating surfaces to enable frictionless movement
132
Joint capsule
Outer layer thickening of DFCT, inner synovial membrane
133
Synovial fluid
Nutrients to avascular structures (pushed in by joint loading), lubrication
134
Fibrocartilaginous pads purpose
fill in space, provide cushioning, shock absorption, deepen articulation (e.g menisci in knee)
135
Purpose of epiphyseal plate
Enables bone to grow in length without deforming joint articulation
136
Osteon
hollow, longitudinal, cylindrical unit
137
Lamellae
Series of cylinders formed of ECM around central canal
138
Canaliculi
channels for osteocytes through ECM
139
Trabeculae
struts of lamella bone
140
Red marrow
fills cavities, provides nutrients
141
Function of axial skeleton
Protection
142
Function of appendicular skeleton
Movement
143
What factors affect risk of osteoporosis?
Age, gender (female more likely), diet, exercise, sleep
144
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane surroudning bone
145
Perimysium
connective tissue surrounding fascicle
146
Epimysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle
147
Endomysium
connective tissue surrounding muscle cells
148
Outline the process of bones forming
Nucleation of Calcium atoms in bone, blood vessels grow around and bring osteoblasts, blood vessels penetrate cartilage and form medullary cavity, primary ossification centre formed
149
Joint cavity
Potential space created by joint capsule
150
Capsular vs Intracapsular ligaments
Capsular: part of the joint capsule
Intracapsular: within joint capsule
151
Explain how the resting cell potential forms
Sodium/Potassium pump - 2+ in, but 3+ out
152
What is osmolarity?
A measure of the total number of solute molecules in a fluid per litre
153
hyposmotic
A fluid with a lower osmotic pressure than that around it - water will move away from it
154
hyperosmotic
A fluid with a higher osmotic pressure than that around it -water will move to it
155
How does an impulse get transmitted from the neuron to the muscle fibre?
The NMJ (Neuromuscular junction) is used. The NMJ is a specialised synapse, normally found in the middle third of the muscle fibre
156
Name and differentiate the two heads of Biceps brachii
Long and short heads - Long head is lateral
157
Name and differentiate the three heads of Triceps brachii
Long head (attaches to scapula) and the medial/lateral heads (attach to humerus)
158
Name the four muscles in the Quadriceps femoris and differentiate them
Rectus femoris, vastis lateralis (lateral), vastis medialis (medial), vastis intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
159
Name the three hip ligaments
Pubofemeral, Illiofemeral, Ishciofemeral
160
Outline hip ligament action during hip flexion
Anterior - lax. Posterior - taut
161
What is central tendency of a data set
The mean of that data set
162
Outline the two types of error
Errors that make answers more uncertain (more variability - random) and errors that move the answer away from the truth (bias)
163
What effect does sample size have on the normal curve (of a sampling distribution)?
If sample size increases, there's less uncertainty, and curve shrinks from the sides in
164
Formula for a 95% confidence interval
µ +/- 1.96 * s/√n
