Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Lacks striation
Cells are much smaller, tapering strands, with a single, centrally-located nucleus
Responsible for peristalsis, propelling, and regulating movement of substance
Contractions are involuntary and unconscious

Answer 1

Smooth Muscle

Question 2

✓ Striated involuntary muscle
✓ Found in the heart
✓ With presence of intercalated discs

Answer 2

Cardiac Muscle

Question 3

✓ Voluntary contractions
✓ Attached to and interacts with skeletal elements
✓ Striated muscle

Answer 3

Skeletal Muscle

Question 4

✓ Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other longitudinally
✓ “Head” of myosin binds to an actin filament, forming a cross-bridge and pulls the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

Answer 4

Sliding Filament Theory

Question 5

outermost tissue of muscles, surrounds the whole muscle

Answer 5

epimysium

Question 6

multiple bundles of muscle fibers in the epimysium

Answer 6

Fascicle

Question 7

tissue that surrounds every fascicle

Answer 7

Perimysium

Question 8

Inner most connective tissue in the fascicle, and covers every muscle fiber

Answer 8

endomysium

Question 9

functional unit of a muscle

Answer 9

sarcomere

Question 10

borders the sarcomere

Answer 10

z lines

Question 11

each of the sarcomere is made up of this

Answer 11

myofibrils

Question 12

filaments inside ether myofibrils

Answer 12

actin filaments

Question 13

filaments attached to the z line

Answer 13

actin filaments

Question 14

filaments found in the middle of the sarcomere

Answer 14

myosin filaments

Question 15

band where the myosin filament is located

Answer 15

A band

Question 16

band where the actin filaments can be found

Answer 16

I band

Question 17

Bind to actin strands when a muscle fiber is at rest

Prevents the actin and myosin from interacting

Answer 17

Tropomyosin and troponin complex

Question 18

For a muscle fiber to contract, what should you do?

Answer 18

the myosin-binding sites must be uncovered

Question 19

In ________, each motor neuron may synapse with multiple muscle fibers

Answer 19

vertebrates

Question 20

Made up of single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it controls

Answer 20

Motor unit

Question 21

Functions of skeleton

Answer 21

Provide supporting framework
Surfaces for muscle attachment
Protection for vulnerable organs
Production of blood cells
Storage of minerals

Question 22

types of skeleton

Answer 22

hydrostatic, rigid skeleton

Question 23

Types of rigid skeleton

Answer 23

endoskeleton, exoskeleton

Question 24

sacks of fluid, ex. earthworms have alternate contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles in the body wall

Answer 24

hydrostatic

Question 25

✓ Skeleton located outside the body ✓ Ranges from very soft (shrimp) to very stiff (crab) ✓ Typical of molluscs, arthropods, and many other invertebrates

Answer 25

Exoskeleton

Question 26

✓ Skeleton inside the animal ✓ Vertebrate animals, echinoderms, and some cnidarians

Answer 26

Endoskeleton

Question 27

✓ Major component of the skeleton ✓ Well-vascularized tissue capable of responding to its environment ✓ Categorized according to Location and Shape

Answer 27

Bone

Question 28

list of bones in the axial region

Answer 28

➤ Skull ➤ Vertebral column ➤ Ribs ➤ Sternum

Question 29

list of bones in the appendicular region

Answer 29

Bones of the limbs

Question 30

bones according to shape

Answer 30

Long Bones, Flat Bones, Sesamoid Bones

Question 31

Found in the limbs Provide attachment site for limb muscles and levers for movement The ends are enlarged and smooth

Answer 31

Long Bones

Question 32

found at the both ends of long bones, can be made out of spongy bone and a thin layer of the compact bone. these ands are smooth and comparably larger than the diaphysis. ensures less possibility of bone dislocation. provide large surface area for articulation.

Answer 32

Epiphysis

Question 33

Contains the marrow or medullary cavity. contains a thick layer of compact bones

Answer 33

diaphysis

Question 34

where the production of red blood cells happen in the diaphysis

Answer 34

medullary cavity

Question 35

covering of the long bone, increases the diameter of bones and aids in healing the bone. Made up of a an outer fibrous layer. and inner layer containing osteoblasts

Answer 35

periosteum

Question 36

synthesizes and secretes organic substances of the bone, makes new bones

Answer 36

osteoblasts

Question 37

inner periosteum, lining tissue of all surfaces of the bone that faces the medullary cavity. one cell layer thick.

Answer 37

endosteum

Question 38

natural hole in bone, where nutrients go inside the bone. all long bones have this

Answer 38

nutrient foramen

Question 39

separates the metaphysis and the diaphysis in growing animals. obviously seen in the young, and thins out as organism age. Fuses the two parts together when old enough, which strengthens the bones.

Answer 39

epiphyseal line or growth plate

Question 40

found in the carpus and tarsus, highly irregular in shape and relatively small

Answer 40

short bones

Question 41

"Squamous bones" ➤ Found in most regions of the skull and ribs ➤ Serve a protective or reinforcing function

Answer 41

✓ Flat Bones

Question 42

➤ Formed in tendons near the freely mobile joints ➤ With one articular surface that glides on a flat or convex surface of one or more long bones ➤ protects tendons from wearing out

Answer 42

✓ Sesamoid Bones

Question 43

Jutting processes are their characteristic features Most are for muscular and ligamentous attachments and some are for articulation Bones of the vertebral column, pelvis, and skull that are not flat

Answer 43

✓ Irregular Bones

Question 44

2 types of bone Development

Answer 44

Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification

Question 45

Fibrous membrane of some parts of the fetal skeleton are converted to bones Skull, mandible

Answer 45

Intramembranous ossification

Question 46

Conversion of cartilage to bone Vertebrae, axial and appendicular bones, ribs, sternum

Answer 46

Endochondral ossification

Question 47

Dense, appearing solid to the unaided eye

Answer 47

Compact bone

Question 48

Made up of open, interlacing framework of bony tissue, oriented to give maximum strength under normal stresses and strains that the bone receive

Answer 48

Spongy bone