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ZOOLONE 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

A

Animal Nutrition

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2
Q

3 types of animals

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

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3
Q

4 Essential Nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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4
Q

Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

The remaining amino acids, the essential amino acids, must be obtained from food in preassembled form

A

Essential Amino Acids

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5
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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6
Q

amino acids cannot be created in the body and must be consumed

A

ESSENTIAL ACIDS

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7
Q

can be created in the body from essential amino acids

A

NON ESSENTIAL ACIDS

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8
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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9
Q

Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

A

Vitamins

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10
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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11
Q

vitamins are grouped into 2 categories:

A

fat-soluble and water-soluble

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12
Q

Simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
Ingesting large amounts of some _____ can upset the homeostatic balance

A

Minerals

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13
Q

can cause deformities, diseases, and death

A

Dietary Deficiencies

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14
Q

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition
Can have negative impact on health and survival

A

Malnutrition

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15
Q

prevent phosphorus deficiency by consuming concentrated sources of salt or other minerals

A

Ruminants

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16
Q

Results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A

Undernutrition

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17
Q

An undernourished individual will

A

Use up stored fats and carbohydrates
Break down its own proteins
Lose muscle mass

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18
Q

Different types of feeders

A

Suspension feeder, Substrate feeder

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19
Q

Sift small food particles from the water

A

Suspension feeder

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20
Q

Animals live in or on their food source

A

Substrate feeder

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21
Q

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

A

Fluid feeder

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22
Q

Eat relatively large pieces of food

A

Bulk feeder

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23
Q

Process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to be absorbed

A

Digestion

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24
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing

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25
Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
Chemical digestion
26
Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis Food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes exocytosis
Intracellular digestion
27
prevent the organism from eating itself
Intracellular digestion, intercellular digestion
28
Breakdown of food particles outside the cells
Extracellular digestion
29
Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients
Gastrovascular cavity
30
Digestive tube with 2 openings Mouth and anus Can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion
Alimentary canal
31
Passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
Elimination
32
Uptake of nutrients in the body cells
Absorption
33
Consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
Mammalian Digestive System
34
Accessory glands
Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
35
Rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
Peristalsis
36
Valves that regulate the movement of materials between compartments
Sphincters
37
differences in vertebrate and non vertebrate animals' digestive system
stomach, crop gizzard, proventriculus small intestine, midgut large intestine, hindgut
38
Bite, cut, and strip through food (tooth)
Incisors
39
Bite, cut, and strip (tooth)
Canines
40
Grinding and crushing (tooth)
Premolars and molars
41
types of teeth
Incisors Canines Premolars and molars
42
Suppressed canines and have well-developed molars
Herbivores
43
Well-developed and self-sharpening incisors that must be constantly worn away
Rodents
44
Modified upper incisor used for defense, attack, and rooting
Elephant's tusk
45
one who cover the trachea from upcoming bolus of food in the pharynx
epiglottis
46
Stores food and begins digestion of proteins Secretes gastric juices that convert a meal into chyme
Stomach
47
what food converts to in the stomach
chyme
48
Low pH of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins Made up of HCI and pepsin
Gastric juice
49
Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach
Parietal cells
50
Secrete inactive pepsinogen
Chief cells
51
Pepsinogen + HCl= ?
Pepsin
52
Small intestine 3 parts
duodenum Jejunum lleum
53
Small intestine absorption
Jejunum lleum
54
Small intestine digestion neutralizes the acidic nature of the chyme
duodenum
55
Produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum to neutralize the chyme
Pancreas
56
Produce proteins Storehouse for glycogen Detoxifies protein wasters Destroys worn out RBCs
Liver
57
Enzyme from liver that Aids in digestion and absorption of fats
Bile
58
Stores the bile that is made from the liver
gallbladder
59
Responsible for the huge surface area of the small intestine Located at the intestinal lumen Creates a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption
Villi and microvilli
60
Aids in the fermentation of plant material Connects where the small and large intestines meet
Cecum
61
Extension of human cecum
Appendix
62
completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine
Colon
63
Includes undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon Stored in the rectum until they can be eliminated through the anus
Feces
64
Each step in the digestive system is activated as needed (TRUE OR FALSE)
TRUE
65
The enteric division of the ______ helps to regulate the digestive process
nervous system
66
also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones
endocrine system
67
Small polypeptide hormone Produced by endocrine cells in the pyloric region of the stomach Released when proteins start to enter the stomach
Gastrin
68
In humans, energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells in the _________
polymer glycogen
69
Excess energy is stored in the ________ cells
adipose
70
Major fuel for cellular respiration Key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis
Glucose
71
are responsible for the regulation of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Insulin and glucagon
72
is the site of glucose homeostasis
Liver
73
Acts on almost all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood
Insulin
74
brain sugar
galactose
75
Beta cells
Insulin
76
organ that Can take sugar with or without insulin
brain
77
Alpha cells
Glucagon
78
Deficiency in insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue Cells cannot take enough glucose to be used
Diabetes Mellitus
79
auto immune disorder that attacks beta cells, childhood
type 1 diabetes
80
failure of target cells to respond to insulin
type 2 diabetes
81
Hormone secreted by the stomach wall Triggers feelings of hunger before meals
Ghrelin
82
Hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite
Insulin and PYY
83
Produced by adipose tissue Suppresses appetite Plays a role in regulating body fat levels
Leptin
84
hormones that is responsible for our appetite of food
Insulin and PYY Ghrelin leptin
85
Produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall Stimulates the release of alkaline pancreatic fluid Neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine Aids in fat digestion
Secretin

ZOOLONE 2 (4 decks)

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