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ZOOLONE 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

A

Animal Nutrition

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2
Q

3 types of animals

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

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3
Q

4 Essential Nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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4
Q

Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

The remaining amino acids, the essential amino acids, must be obtained from food in preassembled form

A

Essential Amino Acids

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5
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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6
Q

amino acids cannot be created in the body and must be consumed

A

ESSENTIAL ACIDS

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7
Q

can be created in the body from essential amino acids

A

NON ESSENTIAL ACIDS

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8
Q

Must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with one or more double bonds

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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9
Q

Organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

A

Vitamins

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10
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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11
Q

vitamins are grouped into 2 categories:

A

fat-soluble and water-soluble

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12
Q

Simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
Ingesting large amounts of some _____ can upset the homeostatic balance

A

Minerals

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13
Q

can cause deformities, diseases, and death

A

Dietary Deficiencies

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14
Q

Failure to obtain adequate nutrition
Can have negative impact on health and survival

A

Malnutrition

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15
Q

prevent phosphorus deficiency by consuming concentrated sources of salt or other minerals

A

Ruminants

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16
Q

Results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A

Undernutrition

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17
Q

An undernourished individual will

A

Use up stored fats and carbohydrates
Break down its own proteins
Lose muscle mass

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18
Q

Different types of feeders

A

Suspension feeder, Substrate feeder

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19
Q

Sift small food particles from the water

A

Suspension feeder

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20
Q

Animals live in or on their food source

A

Substrate feeder

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21
Q

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

A

Fluid feeder

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22
Q

Eat relatively large pieces of food

A

Bulk feeder

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23
Q

Process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to be absorbed

A

Digestion

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24
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing

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25
Q

Splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

A

Chemical digestion

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26
Q

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis
Food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes
exocytosis

A

Intracellular digestion

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27
Q

prevent the organism from eating itself

A

Intracellular digestion, intercellular digestion

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28
Q

Breakdown of food particles outside the
cells

A

Extracellular digestion

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29
Q

Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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30
Q

Digestive tube with 2 openings
Mouth and anus
Can have specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion

A

Alimentary canal

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31
Q

Passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

A

Elimination

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32
Q

Uptake of nutrients in the body cells

A

Absorption

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33
Q

Consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

A

Mammalian Digestive System

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34
Q

Accessory glands

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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35
Q

Rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

A

Peristalsis

36
Q

Valves that regulate the movement of materials between compartments

A

Sphincters

37
Q

differences in vertebrate and non vertebrate animals’ digestive system

A

stomach, crop
gizzard, proventriculus
small intestine, midgut
large intestine, hindgut

38
Q

Bite, cut, and strip through food (tooth)

A

Incisors

39
Q

Bite, cut, and strip (tooth)

A

Canines

40
Q

Grinding and crushing (tooth)

A

Premolars and molars

41
Q

types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars and molars

42
Q

Suppressed canines and have well-developed molars

A

Herbivores

43
Q

Well-developed and self-sharpening incisors that must be constantly worn away

A

Rodents

44
Q

Modified upper incisor used for defense, attack, and rooting

A

Elephant’s tusk

45
Q

one who cover the trachea from upcoming bolus of food in the pharynx

A

epiglottis

46
Q

Stores food and begins digestion of proteins
Secretes gastric juices that convert a meal into chyme

A

Stomach

47
Q

what food converts to in the stomach

A

chyme

48
Q

Low pH of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins
Made up of HCI and pepsin

A

Gastric juice

49
Q

Secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach

A

Parietal cells

50
Q

Secrete inactive pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

51
Q

Pepsinogen + HCl= ?

A

Pepsin

52
Q

Small intestine 3 parts

A

duodenum
Jejunum
lleum

53
Q

Small intestine absorption

A

Jejunum
lleum

54
Q

Small intestine digestion
neutralizes the acidic nature of the chyme

A

duodenum

55
Q

Produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum to neutralize the chyme

A

Pancreas

56
Q

Produce proteins
Storehouse for glycogen
Detoxifies protein wasters
Destroys worn out RBCs

A

Liver

57
Q

Enzyme from liver that Aids in digestion and absorption of fats

A

Bile

58
Q

Stores the bile that is made from the liver

A

gallbladder

59
Q

Responsible for the huge surface area of the small intestine
Located at the intestinal lumen
Creates a brush border that greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

A

Villi and microvilli

60
Q

Aids in the fermentation of plant material
Connects where the small and large intestines meet

A

Cecum

61
Q

Extension of human cecum

A

Appendix

62
Q

completes the reabsorption of water that began in the small intestine

A

Colon

63
Q

Includes undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon
Stored in the rectum until they can be eliminated through the anus

A

Feces

64
Q

Each step in the digestive system is activated as needed (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

65
Q

The enteric division of the ______ helps to regulate the digestive process

A

nervous system

66
Q

also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones

A

endocrine system

67
Q

Small polypeptide hormone
Produced by endocrine cells in the pyloric region of the stomach
Released when proteins start to enter the stomach

A

Gastrin

68
Q

In humans, energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells in the _________

A

polymer glycogen

69
Q

Excess energy is stored in the ________ cells

A

adipose

70
Q

Major fuel for cellular respiration
Key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

A

Glucose

71
Q

are responsible for the regulation of the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Insulin and glucagon

72
Q

is the site of glucose homeostasis

A

Liver

73
Q

Acts on almost all body cells to stimulate glucose uptake from blood

A

Insulin

74
Q

brain sugar

A

galactose

75
Q

Beta cells

A

Insulin

76
Q

organ that Can take sugar with or without insulin

A

brain

77
Q

Alpha cells

A

Glucagon

78
Q

Deficiency in insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue
Cells cannot take enough glucose to be used

A

Diabetes Mellitus

79
Q

auto immune disorder that attacks beta cells, childhood

A

type 1 diabetes

80
Q

failure of target cells to respond to insulin

A

type 2 diabetes

81
Q

Hormone secreted by the stomach wall
Triggers feelings of hunger before meals

A

Ghrelin

82
Q

Hormone secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite

A

Insulin and PYY

83
Q

Produced by adipose tissue
Suppresses appetite
Plays a role in regulating body fat levels

A

Leptin

84
Q

hormones that is responsible for our appetite of food

A

Insulin and PYY
Ghrelin
leptin

85
Q

Produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall
Stimulates the release of alkaline pancreatic fluid
Neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine
Aids in fat digestion

A

Secretin

ZOOLONE 2 (4 decks)

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