musculoskeletal system Flashcards
functions of skeleton
support, protection, movement, shape and manufacture
function- support
bones provide a rigid framework holds the body upright
function- protection
the skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord and ribs protect the heart and lungs
function- movement
bones provide a system of rigid levers against which muscles can pull
function-shape
skeleton determines shape of a person
function- manufacture of blood components
bone marrow makes red and white blood cells and platelets
what does the axial skeleton consist of
skull rib cage and spine
skull
22 fused bones
spine
33 vertebrae top 24 are separated by cartilage and can move slightly
bottom 9 are fused together
cervical(neck) 7
thoracic (chest) 12
lumbar(back) 5
sacrum( hip ) 4
coccyx (tail) 4
rib cage
12 pairs of ribs attached to the sternum
The first 7 are true ribs attached to the sternum
3 false ribs attached to each other at the front of the chest
2 floating ribs unattached only attached to spine
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of
consists of limbs the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
pectoral girdle
collarbone (clavicle ) and shoulder blades(scapula) and arms ( humerus radius ulna carpals metacarpals and digits )
pelvic girdle
2 halves of the hip joined by a band of cartilage to the sacrum
legs ( femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and digits)
cartilage
firm but a fibrous flexible protein called collagen that protects the bone by acting as a shock absorber
lacking in blood vessels so its slower to heal
ligaments
strong fibrous slightly elastic tissue that joins bone to bone
tendons
strong flexible inelastic fibres that join muscle to bone
joints
where two or more bones meet
compact bone
composed of calcium phosphate and collagen (protein)
found in the diaphysis of bone and around the epiphysis
gives strength from calcium and flexibility from protein
spongy bone
like compact bone but contains hollows separated by bony bars
found in the epiphysis
it gives strength and rigidity to the skeleton
spaces in the spongy bone are filled with red bone marrow
bone marrow
red marrow produces blood cells
yellow marrow is inactive and converted to red marrow if needed its found in the medullary cavity
skeletal muscle
voluntary
contracts quickly and tires easily
attached to bones
smooth muscle
involuntary
found in internal structures -digestive system, bv and bladder
cardiac muscle
involuntary
heart muscle
antagonistic pair
2 muscles that have opposite effect to each other
bicep (flexor ) and tricep (extensor )
bone growth -osteoclast
bone forming cells
bone growth -osteoclast
bone-forming cells
they produce collagen and calcium phosphate forms around collagen fibers
bone growth- growth plate
causes increases in bone length
cartilage here is constantly being formed and turned into bone (ossified)
inactivation of the plate causes termination of adult height
bone development - osteoclasts
bone digesting cells
they digest bone cells in the medullary cavity
osteoblasts and osteoclasts form new bone to replace destroyed bone they work together to enlarge the medullary cavity and thicken the bone in it
bone renewal
dependent on physical activity hormones and diet
physical activity in reference to bone renewal
it puts stress on bones causing osteoblasts to be stimulated and the bone becomes stronger
growth and sex hormone and para thormone in reference to bone renewal
they affect bone development and parathormone removes calcium from the blood
arthritis
inflammation of joint caused by cartilage in synovial joint wearing down
arthritis prevention
reducing damage to joints , wearing correct footwear
rheumatoid
genetic form and most severe form of arthritis the body’s immune system turns on itself -autoimmune disease
osteoarthritis
caused by cartilage in synovial joint wearing down the joints become sore or stiff
