Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
______ is the surgical removal of a body part, partial or full extremity, due to disease, trauma or injury
Amputation
______ extremity amputations are more common than ______ extremities
Lower, upper
What is the primary etiology for lower extremity amputations?
Peripheral vascular disease
A commonly encountered client with limb loss is an _____ adult who underwent lower-limb amputation due to vascular disease
Older
What UE amputation takes away the UE including shoulder girdle?
Forequarter (scapulothoracic)
What are other non-vascular causes of amputations?
- trauma
- cancer-related
- congenital conditions
What amputation involves UE through shoulder?
Shoulder disarticulation
What UE amputation involves UE proximal to elbow joint?
Transhumeral
What UE amputation involves lower arm and hand through elbow joint?
Elbow disarticulation
What UE amputation is distal to elbow joint?
Transradial
_______ attempt to replace the missing body part to allow a patient improved function and cosmesis.
Prosthetics
Forequarter amputations include the __________
Scapulothoracic
What UE amputation involves the hand through wrist joint?
Wrist disarticulation
What UE amputation involves portion of the hand or digits @ trans carpal, trans metacarpal, or transpharangeal?
Partial hand
What UE amputation involves removal of digit @ MCP, PIP, or DIP level?
Digital amputation
What SOCKETS are used for Transradial prosthesis?
Standard socket or Supracondylar socket
What LE amputation involves pelvis and both LE?
Hemicorporectomy
Standard socket covers:
2/3 of forearm
What LE amputation involves 1/2 of pelvis and LE?
Hemipelvectomy
Why may the standard socket be shortened?
To allow for increased pronation/supination
What LE amputation is removal of LE from the pelvis?
Hip disarticulation
T/F: Supracondylar sockets are self suspending?
True
What LE amputation involves removal of LE above knee joint?
Transfemoral
T/F: Supracondylar sockets require additional harness apparatus
False; NO
What LE amputation involves the LE through the knee joint?
Knee disarticulation
What LE amputation is the removal of LE below the knee joint?
Transtibial
What type of SUSPENSIONS are used for Transradial prosthesis?
Triceps cuff
Harness
Cable system
LE amputation of foot @ ankle joint with malleoli?
Syme’s
The ELBOW UNIT of Transradial prosthesis attaches where?
Either triceps cuff or upper arm pad
LE amputation through talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints?
Transverse Tarsal (Chopart’s)
Describe the ELBOW UNIT of Transradial prosthesis
Flexible or rigid hinge; Connects socket to proximal component
In a transverse tarsal (chopart’s) amputation, which muscle group is kept and which is lost?
PF’s kept
DF’s lost
What is the usual result of Chopart’s amputation due to losing DF’s?
Equinus contracture
Describe the WRIST UNIT of Transradial prosthesis
Quick change unit
Wrist flexion unit
Ball and socket
Constant friction
LE amputation involving metatarsals that preserves both PF’s and DF’s?
Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc)
Describe the TERMINAL DEVICES used for Transradial Prosthesis
Voluntary opening or closing
Body-powered, externally powered, myoelectric or hybrid
Hook, mechanical hand, cosmetic glove
The most indication for a Syme’s amputation is ________
Infection
What positioning should be avoided with a transtibial amputation?
Prolonged hip and knee flexion
Where should the pillow be placed for a patient who has a transtibial amputation?
Under distal residual limb
Congenital limb deficiency accounts for approximately __% of LE amputations
5%
What is the least likely result in a LE amputation?
Congenital limb deficiency
Approximately __% of all UE amputations result from _____
85%, trauma
Traumatic amputations tend to occur most commonly in ______ adults
Younger
Amputations as a result of diabetes & peripheral vascular disease are more common in the ______
Elderly
What is a Ray Resection?
Removal of a toe & all or part of the corresponding metatarsal
The most common contracture seen after a transfemoral amputation is?
Hip flexion and abduction
A long transtibial amputation refers to removal of the ____ third of the tibia
Distal
A short transtibial amputation refers to surgical removal of the limb at the ____ third of the tibia
Proximal
What all contributes to increased knee flexion during stance phase?
High shoe heel
Stiff heel cushion
Socket too far anterior
Socket excessively flexed
Insufficient P-flexion
A limitation in D-flex of the prosthesis will result in
Hyperextension of knee to attain foot flat
The safest way to ascend a hill with a prosthetic limb is to:
Sidestep w/ sound limb leading & prosthetic trailing
The most important factor to determine candidacy for a prosthesis is the patient’s ____
Prior activity level
What permits the attachment of pylon for early ambulation following amputation?
Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is primarily used for:
Residual limb protection & edema control
What requires sutures to be removed from the amputation site prior to use?
Elastic shrinker
Elastic shrinkers are used for
Edema control & residual limb shaping
Describe the characteristics of Elastic shrinkers
Conical shaped
Sock like garments
What size elastic bandages would be used when wrapping a transtibial residual limb?
2 four inch bandages
What is the most common type of socket with a transtibial amputation?
Patellar tendon bearing socket
Painful sensation that originates from an amputated limb is called?
Phantom pain
What intervention would most likely benefit an individual with phantom limb pain?
Mirror therapy
Which energy system is used for ATP production during HIGH intensity, SHORT duration exercise such as sprinting 100 meters?
ATP-PC
There is 2 to 3 times more phosphocreatine in cells of _____ than ATP
Muscle
ATP-PC process happens _______
Instantaneously
ATP-PC system provides energy for muscle contraction for up to _____
15 sec
Which energy system is a major supplier of ATP during HIGH intensity, SHORT duration activities such as sprinting 400 or 800 meters?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Does Anaerobic glycolysis require oxygen?
No
Anaerobic glycolysis results in the formation of _______ which causes muscular fatigue
Lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis is nearly 50% slower than which system?
Phosphocreatine system
Anaerobic glycolysis can provide a person with ___-___ sec of muscle contraction
30-40
Which system only uses carbohydrates, doesn’t require oxygen and releases enough energy for resynthesis of only small amounts of ATP?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Which system is used predominantly during LOW intensity, LONG duration exercise such as running a marathon?
Aerobic system
Which system yields the most ATP?
Aerobic
Aerobic system will provide energy as long as there are _______ to utilize
Nutrients
Another name for CORONAL plane
Frontal
______ is an erect posture of the body with the face forward, feet pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at side, and palms forward with fingers and thumbs in extension
Anatomical position
What are the 3 cardinal planes?
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
What are the 3 axes of the body?
A-P
M-L
Vertical
The frontal plane divides into _____ & ____ sections
Anterior, posterior
What motions occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction
Abduction
Frontal plane occurs around which axis?
A-P
The sagittal plane divides into ___ and ___ sections
Right, left
Which motions occur in sagittal plane?
Flexion
Extension
Which axis does sagittal plane occur around?
M-L
Transverse plane divides into ____ and ____ sections
Upper, lower
Which motions occur in transverse plane?
IR/ER
Which axis does transverse plane occur around?
Vertical
Class __ lever has the axis of rotation between the effort [force] and resistance [load]
1
What’s an example of Class 1 lever?
Triceps
A seesaw is an example of which lever?
1
A wheelbarrow is an example of which lever?
2
A class __ lever has the resistance between the axis of rotation and effort.
2
A class __ lever has the effort between the axis of rotation and resistance.
3
Give an example of Class 3 lever
Shoulder abduction with weight at wrist
Elbow flexion
Which are the most common types of lever in the body?
3
Describe SUTURE
Union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane
Immovable joint
Eventual fusion
Describe SYNDESMOSIS
Bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord
Very little motion
Describe GOMPHOSIS
2 bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole
What are the only gomphosis joints in the body?
Teeth and corresponding sockets in mandible/maxilla
Fibrous joints are classified as ______
Synarthroses
Cartilaginous joints are classified as ______
Amphiarthroses
Synovial joints are classified as _____
Diarthrodial
______ joint = one motion around a single axis in one plane of body
Uniaxial
What are the 2 types of uniaxial joint?
Hinge
Pivot
_______ joint = movement occurs in two planes and around two axes through the convex/concave surfaces
Biaxial
What are the 2 types of BIAXIAL joint?
Condyloid
Saddle
_______ joint = movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes
Multi-axial
What are the 2 types of MULTIAXIAL joints?
Plane
Ball and socket
The hip joint is what type of multiaxial joint?
Ball and socket
The carpal bones are what type of joint?
Plane
Type IIa muscle fiber appear what color?
Red
Type IIb muscle fibers appear what color?
White
