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PTA BOARDS > CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is the lowest part of the heart

A

Apex

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2
Q

What forms the apex?

A

Inferolateral left ventricle

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3
Q

How does the apex project?

A

Anteriorly and to the left

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4
Q

What level is the apex at?

A
  • 5th intercostal space
  • Left midclavicular line
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5
Q

The base is the _____ border of the heart?

A

Upper

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6
Q

What forms the base?

A
  • Left atrium
  • part of Right atrium
  • proximal portions of great vessels
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7
Q

Where does the base lie?

A
  • Approximately below 2nd rib
  • level of 2nd intercostal space
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8
Q

Define endocardium

A

Endothelial tissue that lines interior heart chambers & valves

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9
Q

List the layers of heart (OUT —> IN)

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Endocardium
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10
Q

Define myocardium

A

Thick contractile middle layer of muscle that forms bulk of heart wall

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11
Q

_____ is the serous layer of pericardium

A

Epicardium

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12
Q

What are the 5 great vessels of the heart?

A
  • Aorta
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Superior vena cava
  • Pulmonary Arteries
  • Pulmonary Veins
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13
Q

What does the epicardium contain?

A
  • epicardial coronary arteries/veins
  • autonomic nerves
  • lymphatics
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14
Q

Define pericardium

A

Double-wall CT sac that surrounds outside heart and great vessels

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15
Q

What are the superior chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Left atrium

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16
Q

_____ is the wall between the atria

A

Atrial septum

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17
Q

What are the 2 inferior chambers of the heart?

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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18
Q

_____ is the wall between the ventricles

A

Ventricular septum

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19
Q

The right chambers collect blood from the _____ and pump into the ____

A

Body, lungs

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20
Q

The left chambers collect blood from the ____ and pump it to the _____.

A

Lungs, body

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21
Q

How many valves does the heart have?

A

4

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22
Q

What’s another name for the Right AV valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

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23
Q

What’s another name for Left AV valve?

A

Mitral valve

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24
Q

The Tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the ____ and _____?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle

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25
Q

What do the coronary arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

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26
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Ascending aorta

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27
Q

The Mitral valve controls the blood flow between the _____ and _____.

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

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28
Q

The aortic valve is between what 2 structures?

A

Left ventricle
Aorta

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29
Q

What does the cardiac conduction system include?

A

SA node and AV node

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30
Q

The pulmonary valve is between what structures?

A

Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery

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31
Q

What is the SA node known as?

A

Primary pacemaker of the heart

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32
Q

What are heart rate, rhythm and contractility influenced by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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33
Q

What is considered the chronotropic effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Faster heart beat

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34
Q

What is the iontropic effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Greater force of contraction

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35
Q

What is the chronotropic effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Slower heart rate

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36
Q

Sympathetic influence in the nervous system is achieved by the release of..?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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37
Q

List the pathway in which blood flow travels throughout the heart

A
  • venous blood from superior & inferior vena cava enters the RA
  • blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the RV
  • tricuspid valve closes while RV contracts to pump blood through pulmonary valve and into pulmonary trunk
  • after picking up oxygen & releasing carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries, oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the LA
  • contraction of LA forces blood through mitral valve into LV
  • the mitral valve closes when the LV contracts to pump blood through the aortic valve into the aorta (where it’s distributed into the coronary circulation and systemic circulation)
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38
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into:

A

R and L pulmonary arteries, serving the R and L lungs

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39
Q

SA node stands for?

A

Sinoatrial

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40
Q

AV node stands for

A

Atrioventricular

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41
Q

Define baroreceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in pressure

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42
Q

Reflexes by which BP is maintained are collectively known as the _______

A

Baroreflex

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43
Q

Baroreflex includes:

A

Arterial baroreceptors
Cardiopulmonary receptors

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44
Q

Arterial baroreceptors are _____ pressure receptors

A

High

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45
Q

Cardiopulmonary receptors are ____ pressure receptors

A

Low

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46
Q

Where are arterial baroreceptors located?

A

In carotid sinus, aortic arch, and origin of R subclavian artery

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47
Q

Sympathetic activation lead to:

A
  • ⬆️ cardiac contractility
  • ⬆️ HR
  • ⬆️ BP via elevation of total peripheral resistance and Cardiac Output
  • venoconstriction
  • arterial vasoconstriction
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48
Q

Parasympathetic activation leads to:

A
  • ⬇️ HR
  • A small ⬇️ in contractility
  • ⬇️ BP
49
Q

Describe the Bainbridge Reflex

A
  • An increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of R atrium which sends vagal afferent signals to cardiovascular center within medulla.
  • signals inhibit parasympathetic activity
  • resulting in increased HR
50
Q

Describe the Chemoreceptor reflex

A

Chemo-sensitive cells located in the carotid bodies and the aortic body respond to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension

51
Q

_______ is forced expiration against a closed glottis which produces increased intrathoracic pressure, central venous pressure and decreased venous return

A

Valsalva maneuver

52
Q

The contraction of the R and L atria pushing blood into the ventricles

A

Atrial systole

53
Q

Period between atrial contractions when the atria are REpolarizing

A

Atrial diastole

54
Q

Contraction of the R and L ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta

A

Ventricular systole

55
Q

Period between ventricular contractions when the ventricles are REpolarizing

A

Ventricular diastole

56
Q

_____ refers to the tension in ventricular wall at the end of diastole

A

Preload

57
Q

_____ reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the L ventricle during diastole

A

Preload

58
Q

_____ refers to the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in the peripheral vasculature, compliance of aorta and mass and viscosity of blood

A

After load

59
Q

SV stands for

A

Stroke volume

60
Q

_____ refers to volume of blood ejected by each contraction of L ventricle

A

Stroke volume

61
Q

Normal SV ranges from ___ - ___ ml

A

60, 80

62
Q

Normal SV range depends on ___, ____ and ______

A

Age, sex, activity

63
Q

CO stands for

A

Cardiac output

64
Q

Amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

65
Q

What’s the formula for CO?

A

CO = SV x HR

66
Q

What’s the Normal CO for an Adult Male AT REST?

A

4.5 - 5.0 L/min

67
Q

T/F: Women produce slightly more CO compared to men

A

False; slightly less

68
Q

CO can increase up to __L/min during exercise

A

25

69
Q

The amount of blood that returns to the R atrium each minute

A

Venous return

70
Q

T/F: Venous return must equal CO when averaged over time

A

True

71
Q

What are the values for normal blood volume in an adult?

A

4.5L- 5.0L

72
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid component of blood that is more than 1/2 total blood volume

73
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Water, electrolytes, protein

74
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Regulates BP and temp

75
Q

What do RBC’s consist of?

A

Hemoglobin that binds with O2

76
Q

What is another name for Red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

77
Q

What is the term for low RBC count?

A

Anemia

78
Q

What is the term for a high RBC count?

A

Polycythemia

79
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

80
Q

What is primary function of platelets?

A

Assist in blood clotting @ bleeding sites

81
Q

What is the term for low thrombocyte count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

82
Q

What are risks associated with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)?

A

Bruising and abnormal bleeding

83
Q

What is the term for high platelet count?

A

Thrombocythemia

84
Q

What are the risks associated with a high platelet count (thrombocythemia)?

A

Thrombosis

85
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

86
Q

What is primary function of leukocytes?

A

Protect against infection

87
Q

What is the term for low WBC count?

A

Leukopenia

88
Q

What are risks associated with low WBC count (Leukopenia)?

A

increased risk of infection

89
Q

What is the term for high WBC count?

A

Leukocytosis

90
Q

What are risks associated with high WBC count (leukocytosis)?

A

Leukemia, infection

91
Q

How many types of WBC’s are there?

A

Five

92
Q

What type of WBC protects the body against infection by ingesting bacteria and debris?

A

Neutrophils

93
Q

Which type (s) of lymphocytes protect against viral infections and some cancers?

A

T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells

94
Q

Which type (s) of lymphocytes develop into cells that produce antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

95
Q

Which type of WBC ingests damaged or dead cells and helps defend against infectious organisms?

A

Monocytes

96
Q

Which type of WBC kills parasites, destroys cancer cells and is involved in allergic responses?

A

Eosinophils

97
Q

Which type of WBC participates in allergic responses?

A

Basophils

98
Q

The liquid component of blood, in which blood cells and platelets are suspended.

A

Plasma

99
Q

Plasma consists of _____, _______ and _______

A

Water, electrolytes, proteins

100
Q

Plasma is important in:

A

Regulating BP and temperature

101
Q

Red blood cells are called

A

Erythrocytes

102
Q

Blood platelets are called

A

Thrombocytes

103
Q

White blood cells are called

A

Leukocytes

104
Q

Red blood cells contain ______

A

Hemoglobin

105
Q

When the number of blood cells are low

A

Anemia

106
Q

When the number of cells are too high

A

Polycythemia

107
Q

Anemia results in:

A

Fatigue and weakness

108
Q

Polycythemia results in:

A

Increasing risk of heart attack or stroke

109
Q

Low number of platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

110
Q

Thrombocytopenia increases the risk for:

A

Bruising and abnormal bleeding

111
Q

High number of platelets

A

Thrombocythemia

112
Q

Thrombocythemia increases the risk for:

A

Thrombosis, which may result in stroke or heart attack

113
Q

White blood cells protect against _______

A

Infection

114
Q

Low number of white blood cells

A

Leukopenia

115
Q

Leukopenia increases the risk of ______

A

Infection

116
Q

An abnormally high number of white blood cells can indicate what?

A

Infection or leukemia

117
Q

What are the 5 main types of white blood cells?

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
118
Q

______ help protect the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris

A

Neutrophils

PTA BOARDS (4 decks)

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