Equipment, Devices And Technologies; Therapeutic Modalities Flashcards
1
Q
What should you do before giving treatment?
A
- Obtain informed consent from patient and document consent in patient’s chart
- Notify the patient of proper clothing
- Draping must be discussed for patient comfort
2
Q
______ is a technique utilized by health care providers to ensure the patient’s privacy and modesty when treating particular areas of the body.
A
Draping
3
Q
Draping also assists with:
A
- Keeping patient warm
- Adequately exposing the area of treatment
- Protect open areas, wounds, scars and patient’s personal belongings from being soiled or injured during treatment
4
Q
A patient that is dependent must be repositioned in bed how often?
A
At least every 2 hours
5
Q
T/F: Skin should be inspected for redness or breakdown with each position change?
A
True
6
Q
Why should a dependent patient be lifted when changing positions?
A
In order to avoid shearing of skin across the bed
7
Q
Use pillows, towels or blankets when _____ a patient in order to support and maintain a particular position
A
Positioning
8
Q
T/F: A patient is not needed to participate in all mobility and positioning?
A
False; a patient should always be encouraged
9
Q
Practice moving _____ from one side of the bed to the other
A
Segmentally
10
Q
What position/technique should you utilize to assist with movement and rolling?
A
“Bridging”
11
Q
Describe the “Bridging” position
A
- Hip flexed
- Knee flexed
- Feet flat
12
Q
Where are the therapists located during a 3 person carry?
A
- one therapist at the head and upper trunk
- one therapist supports the trunk
- one therapist supports the lower extremities
13
Q
Which therapist initiates commands during a 3 person carry?
A
The therapist at the head
14
Q
The _____ lift is used to transfer a patient between 2 surfaces of different heights or when transferring a patient to the floor
A
2 person
15
Q
The 1st therapist during a 2 person lift should be standing where?
A
Behind the patient
16
Q
How should the 1st therapist be positioned during a 2 person lift?
A
- Their arms underneath the axilla
- grasping the patients L forearm w/ their R hand
- grasping the patients R forearm w/ their L hand
17
Q
How should the 2nd therapist be positioned during 2 person lift?
A
- place one arm under the mid to distal thighs & other arm to support the lower legs
18
Q
What type of transfer is used to transfer a patient who cannot stand independently, but can bear some weight through the trunk and lower extremities?
A
Dependent squat pivot
19
Q
During a dependent squat pivot transfer, the therapist should position the patient at a __degree angle to the destination surface
A
45
20
Q
During a squat pivot transfer, where does the patient place their hands?
A
On the therapist shoulders
21
Q
During a squat pivot transfer, the therapist should:
A
- position patient at edge of surface
- hold patient around hips and under buttocks
- block patients knees
- utilize momentum, straighten legs and raise patient or allow patient to remain in squatting position, pivot and slowly lower patient
22
Q
Why should therapist block the patients knees when transferring?
A
To avoid buckling while standing
23
Q
The _____ is a device used for dependent transfers when a patient is obese, a patient is totally dependent or there’s only one therapist available to assist with transfer
A
Hydraulic lift
24
Q
T/F: The hydraulic lift needs to be locked in position before transfer
A
True
25
The _____ transfer is used for a patient who has some sitting balance, some UE strength and can adequately follow directions
Sliding board
26
Describe the sliding board transfer
- the patient should be positioned at edge of w/c or bed and lean to one side while placing one end of sliding board under proximal thigh
- the other end of sliding board should be placed on destination surface
- the patient uses both arms to initiate a push up or scoot across the board [therapist standing in front & assist as needed]
27
Why shouldn’t the patient hold onto the end of sliding board?
To avoid pinching the fingers
28
The patient should place the lead hand __-__ inches away from sliding board
4, 6
29
The therapist should be careful to avoid direct contact between what 2 surfaces during sliding board transfer?
Skin and sliding board
30
Why should therapist avoid direct contact between skin and sliding board?
To avoid shearing force and potential skin breakdown
31
The _____ transfer is used when a patient is able to stand and bear weight through one or both of the LE’s
Stand pivot
32
The _____ transfer is used with a patient who has the necessary strength and balance to weight shift and step during the transfer
Stand step
33
With stand pivot transfer, the patient must possess _______ and _____
Functional balance, ability to pivot
34
What type of patients may utilize stand pivot transfer?
Patients with unilateral weight bearing restrictions or hemiplegia
35
Patients with unilateral weight bearing restrictions may lead with which side during stand pivot transfer?
Uninvolved side
36
List the 6 common wheelchair measurements used:
[know the difference p. 596]
- total height
- back height
- armrest height
- seat height from floor
- seat depth
- seat and back width
37
With a standing pivot transfer, it may be used therapeutically for patient post CVA leading with _____ side
Involved
38
To initiate a stand pivot transfer, where should the patient be positioned?
At edge of chair or bed
39
What type of wheelchairs require patients to possess sufficient strength to propel the wheelchair independently?
Manual
40
______ wheelchairs are propelled by an external energy source, usually a battery, that provides stored energy to one or more belts that propel the wheelchair.
Powered
41
What are some considerations when selecting an appropriate wheelchair?
- physical needs
- physical abilities
- cognition
- coordination
- endurance
42
How do you measure the wheelchair seat height?
From the heel to popliteal and add 2 inches to allow clearance of footrest
43
What’s the average adult size for seat height?
19.5 - 20.5
44
What’s the average adult size for w/c seat depth?
16 in
45
What’s the average adult size for w/c seat width?
18 in
46
What’s the average adult size for w/c back height?
16 - 16.5 inch
47
What’s the average adult size for w/c armrest height?
9 in above chair seat
48
How do you measure the w/c seat depth?
1. From the patients posterior butt, along lateral thigh to popliteal fold
2. Subtract ~2 in to avoid pressure from front edge of seat against popliteal space
49
How do you measure the w/c seat width?
Measure the widest aspect of patients butt, hips or thighs and add ~2 in
(This provides space for bulky clothing, Orthoses or clearance of trochanters from armrests side panel)
50
How do you measure the w/c back height?
1. Measure from the seat of chair to floor of axilla with patients shoulder flexed to 90 deg
2. Subtract ~4in
51
What w/c measurement will be affected if a seat cushion is being used?
Back height
Armrest height
52
How do you measure the armrest height of w/c?
1. Measure from seat of chair to olecranon process with patients elbow flexed to 90 deg
2. Add ~1 in
53
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is highly active with n need for postural supports?
Ultralight frame
54
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is in sports?
Ultralight frame
55
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is able to self propel using BUE and have adequate LE ROM and sitting ability for comfortable seating?
Standard or lightweight frame
56
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is able to self propel using LE’s?
Hemi frame
57
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is able to self propel using 1 UE?
One-hand drive frame
58
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is able to self propel, but center of gravity is shifted posteriorly due to amputation?
Amputee frame
59
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is NOT able to self propel or safely operate a power mobility device and requires assistance for seated mobility?
Geri chair
60
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is unable to perform weight shifting tasks and/or unable to sit upright for extended periods?
Reclining frame
61
Which w/c component will a patient need if the patient is unable to sit upright or perform weight shifts, but also has issues with sliding or extensor tone?
Backward tilt-in-space frame
62
Which w/c back insert will a patient need if the patient requires no postural support and has no neuromuscular deficits?
Sling back
63
Which w/c back insert is not typically intended for long term use?
Sling back
64
Which w/c back insert will a patient need if the patient requires MILD TO MODERATE trunk support due to tone, strength or deformity related postural concerns?
Planar back insert
65
Which w/c back insert will a patient need if the patient requires MODERATE trunk support due to tone, strength or deformity related postural concerns?
Curved back insert
66
Which w/c back insert will a patient need if the patient requires significant trunk support due to severe postural concerns?
Custom molded insert
67
Which w/c seat insert will a patient need if the patient requires no postural support and has no neuromuscular deficit?
Sling seat
68
Which w/c seat insert is not typically intended for long term use?
Sling seat
69
Which w/c seat insert will a patient need if the patient has no seated deformity?
Planar seat
70
Which w/c seat insert will a patient need if the patient requires MILD TO AGGRESSIVE supportive curvature to provide increased contact between the lower body and seat?
Curved seat
71
Which w/c seat insert will a patient need if the patient requires customized seat support to correct for pelvic obliquity or a fixed asymmetrical deformity?
Custom molded seat
72
What type of ARMRESTS should a patient have if the patient transfers via slide board or 2 person max assist; pt requires access to wheels for propulsion?
Removable
73
What type of ARMRESTS should a patient have if the patient doesn’t require any UE or trunk support?
No armrest
74
What type of ARMRESTS should a patient have if the patient performs sit to stand transfers or require additional postural support or utilize a lap board?
Full length arms
75
What type of ARMRESTS should a patient have if the patient requires durable UE support?
Fixed/non-removable
76
Push or pull brakes are AKA:
Toggle/lever brakes
77
What type of WHEEL LOCKS/BRAKES should a patient have if the patient has coordinated motor ability to operate brakes?
Toggle/lever brakes
78
What type of WHEEL LOCKS/BRAKES should a patient have if the patient requires additional leverage to operate a toggle/lever brake and has limited ability to reach brake mechanism?
Brake extension
79
What type of WHEEL LOCKS/BRAKES should a patient have if the patient doesn’t possess the ability to safely or independently operate brakes?
Attendant operated brakes
80
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient has adequate strength to efficiently propel chair without adaptation
Small diameter
81
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient requires speed for tasks?
Small diameter
82
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient has some degree of weakness in the UE’s
Large diameter
83
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient requires the ability to propel with more power?
Large diameter
84
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient has grip deficits or hand deformity which limits the ability to functionally grip rims?
Rim projections
85
What type of HANDRIMS should a patient have if the patient requires assist for adequate grasp or friction when hands are in contact with wheel rims?
Covered rims
86
What type of FOOTREST should a patient have if the patient has full ROM available through feet and ankles?
Standard
87
What type of FOOTREST should a patient have if the patient has some degree of deformity in feet and/or ankles?
Adjustable angle
88
What type of FOOTREST should a patient have if the patient requires a supportive surface to maximize strength and/or stability and requires additional lateral foot support?
One-piece footboard
89
How should you ascend a curb with a fwd approach using a w/c?
1. Elevate the front casters of w/c by tipping w/c backwards
2. Move w/c forward until rear wheels are in contact with curb and casters above curb
3. Lower casters on elevated surface and ascend curb with real wheels until rear wheels and casters are in contact with elevated surface
90
How should you ascend a curb with a backward approach using a w/c?
- position patient facing away from curb
- standing on upper surface, lift and roll rear wheels backward up curb
- continue to roll w/c backwards until casters are in contact with upper surface
91
How should you descend a curb with a fwd approach using a w/c?
- position casters close to elevated edge of curb
- tip w/c backwards and slowly roll w/c fwd until rear wheels are in contact with lower surface
- gently lower casters to lower surface
92
How should you descend a curb with a backward approach using a w/c?
- position patient facing away curb
- move w/c backwards and slowly lower rear wheels to lower surface maintaining contact with curb
- continue to roll w/c backwards and gently lower casters to lower surface
93
List the primary indications for using an assistive device during ambulation:
- pain
- decreased weight bearing on LE’s
- muscle weakness of trunk or LE’s
- decreased balance or impaired kinesthetic awareness
94
The handgrip of an Axillary crutch should be at the approximate level of _____
Ulnar styloid process
95
A therapist assesses crutch height by determining the distance from what two surfaces?
Top of crutch to base of axilla
96
______ provide max stability and security for a patient during beginning stages of ambulation or standing
Parallel bars
97
What’s the proper fit of parallel bars?
- Bar height that allows 20-25 deg elbow flexion while grasping on bars ~4-6 inches in front of body
98
A ____ can be used with all levels of weight bearing and has a significant BOS w/ good stability
Walker
99
_______ can be used with all levels of weight bearing however, require higher coordination for proper use
Axillary crutches
100
What’s the proper fit for Axillary crutches?
- crutches 6in in front and 2in lateral
- crutch height = no greater than 3 finger widths from axilla
- handgrip height = level of ulnar styloid process allowing 20-25 deg elbow flexion
101
Another name for “forearm” crutches
Loftstrand
102
_____ crutches can be used with all levels of weight bearing, but require the highest level of coordination for proper use
Loftstrand
103
With Loftstrand crutches, proper fit includes __-__ degrees of elbow flexion while holding the handgrip positioned __ inches in front and __ inches lateral to patients foot
20, 25; 6; 2
104
With Loftstrand crutches, the arm cuff should be positioned where? Why?
1 - 1 1/2 inches below olecranon process; So it won’t interfere with elbow flexion
105
A ____ provides minimal stability and support for patients during ambulation activities
Cane
106
A straight cane provides the ___ support and is used primarily for _____
Least; assisting with balance
107
What type of canes better assist with limiting weight bearing on an involved LE and improve balance on unleveled surfaces, curbs and stairs?
Small & large base quad canes
108
What are the 5 levels of Weight Bearing?
NWB - Non WB
TTWB - Toetouch WB
PWB - Partial WB
WBAT - WB as tolerated
FWB - Full WB
109
A patient is unable to place any weight through the involved extremity and is not permitted to touch the ground or any surface
Non-weight bearing
110
A patient is unable to place any weight through the involved extremity, however, may place the toes on ground to assist with balance
Toe touch weight bearing
111
A patient is allowed to put a particular amount of weight through the involved extremity
Partial weight bearing
112
A patient determines the proper amount of weight bearing based on comfort.
Weight bearing as tolerated
113
A patient is able to place full weight on involved extremity.
Full weight bearing
114
A therapist must consider what prior to initiating ambulation activities?
Patient’s size, weight and level of impairment
115
While guarding a patient, the therapist should be standing where?
To the side [affected side] and slightly behind
116
Where should the therapist hands be placed while guarding a patient?
One hand on gait belt and other on shoulders
117
What are the 5 gait patterns?
2-point
3-point
4-point
Swing-to
Swing-through
118
A gait pattern in which a patient uses 2 crutches or canes and ambulates by moving the L crutch fwd while simultaneously advancing the RLE
2-point
119
A gait pattern which involves 1 injured LE that may have decreased weight bearing
3-point
120
A gait pattern in which the patient waits and advances the opposite leg once the crutch/cane has been advanced
4-point
121
A gait pattern where a patient with trunk and/or BLE weakness, paresis or paralysis uses crutches or a walker and advances the LEs simultaneously only to the point of assistive device
Swing to
122
A gait pattern where the patient advances the LEs simultaneously beyond the point of assistive device
Swing through
123
When a patient is ascending curbs/stairs while using a handrail, where should the therapist be standing?
Opposite side and behind
124
When a patient is ascending curbs/stairs without use of a handrail, where should the therapist be standing?
Behind slightly toward affected side
125
When a patient is descending curbs/stairs while using a handrail, where should the therapist be standing?
Opposite side and in front
126
When a patient is descending curbs/stairs without use of a handrail, where should the therapist be standing?
In front and slightly toward affected side
127
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences FORWARD LOB while ASCENDING?
Pull backwards on safety belt and attempt to move trunk backwards with opposing hand
128
If the patient still can’t regain balance after correcting LOB while ASCENDING, what should the therapist do?
Transition patient toward handrail or lower patient slowly towards stairs
129
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences FORWARD LOB while DESCENDING?
Use one hand to apply posterior directed force to patients trunk
130
If the patient still can’t regain balance after correcting FORWARD LOB while DESCENDING, what should the therapist do?
Attempt to move them into sitting position
131
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences BACKWARD LOB while ASCENDING?
Attempt to stabilize patient’s trunk by applying anterior force while maintaining a WBOS
132
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences BACKWARD LOB while DESCENDING?
Pull forwards on safety belt using one hand to grasp handrail
133
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences SIDEWAYS LOB TOWARDS THERAPIST while ASCENDING?
Use one hand or trunk to stabilize patient and use other hand to grasp handrail
134
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences SIDEWAYS LOB TOWARDS THERAPIST while DESCENDING?
Use one hand or trunk to stabilize patient and use other hand to grasp safely belt or handrail
135
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences SIDEWAYS LOB AWAY FROM THERAPIST while ASCENDING?
Use one hand to pull safely belt toward you and use other to stabilize trunk or grasp handrail
136
What should the therapist do if the patient experiences SIDEWAYS LOB AWAY FROM THERAPIST while DESCENDING?
Use one hand to pull safety belt toward you and use other to stabilize trunk or grasp handrail
137
NG Tube stands for
Nasogastric tube
138
G tube stands for
Gastric tube
139
J tube stands for
Jejunostomy tube
140
IV stands for
Intravenous
141
_______ is a plastic tube inserted through nostril that extends into stomach
Nasogastric tube
142
NG tube is commonly used for:
Short term liquid feeding, medication administration or to remove gas from stomach
143
_____ is a tube inserted through a small incision in the abdomen into the stomach
Gastric tube
144
G tubes can be used for ___ term feeding in the presence of difficulty with swallowing due to anatomic or neurological disorder or to avoid risk of aspiration
Long
145
_____ is a tube inserted through endoscopy into jejunum via abdominal wall
Jejunostomy tube
146
Which tube can be used for long-term feeding for patients that are unable to received food by mouth?
J tube
147
An _______ system consists of sterile fluid source, a pump, a clamp and catheter to insert into a vein
Intravenous
148
An ______ is a monitoring device consisting of a catheter that is inserted into an artery and attached to an electronic monitoring system
Arterial line
149
An arterial line is used to:
- measure BP
- obtain blood samples
150
If an arterial line is displaced, what should a therapist do?
Apply direct pressure to limit blood loss and call for assistance
151
A _____ is used for measured pressures in R atrium or superior vena cava by means of indwelling venous catheter and a pressure manometer
Central venous pressure catheter
152
A central venous pressure catheter is used to evaluate:
- R ventricular function
- R atrial filling pressure
- circulating blood volume
153
An _____ is inserted through the cephalic or internal jugular vein and threaded into superior vena cava and R atrium
Indwelling R atrial catheter
154
Indwelling R atrial catheter is AKA:
Hickman
155
An ______ measures the pressure exerted against the skull using pressure sensing devices placed inside the skull
Intracranial pressure monitor
156
Excessive pressure can be produced by:
- closed head injury
- cerebral hemorrhage
- overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid
- brain tumor
157
Types of intracranial pressure monitors include:
- epidural sensor
- subarachnoid bolt
- intraventricular catheter
158
An ______ is a photoelectric device used to determine the oxygen saturation of blood
Oximeter
159
This device is most commonly applied to finger or ear
Oximeter
160
A _____ is a soft, flexible catheter that’s inserted through a vein into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery catheter
161
Pulmonary artery catheter is AKA:
Swan-Ganz catheter
162
_____ refers to a surgical procedure where holes are drilled into uninjured areas of bone surrounding the fracture
External fixation
163
What are indications for modalities?
- inflammation and repair
- pain
- restriction in motion
- abnormal tone
164
______ refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from direct contact between 2 materials at different temperatures
Conduction
165
_____ refers to the gain or loss of heat resulting from air or water moving in a constant motion across the body
Convection
166
What are some examples of modalities that utilize CONDUCTION?
- hot/cold pack
- paraffin
- ice massage
- cryo cuff
167
What are examples of modalities that utilize CONVECTION?
- fluidotherapy
- hot/cold whirlpool
168
_____ refers to heating that occurs when no thermal energy is absorbed into tissue and transformed into heat
Conversion
169
What are examples of modalities that utilize CONVERSION?
Diathermy
Ultrasound
170
What are examples of modalities that utilize EVAPORATION?
Vapocoolant spray
171
_____ refers to transfer of heat that occurs as a liquid absorbs energy and changes form into vapor
Evaporation
172
_____ refers to direct transfer of heat from a radiation energy source of higher temperature to one of cooler temperature
Radiation
173
What are examples of modalities that utilize RADIATION?
Infrared lamp
Laser
Ultraviolet light
174
_____ refers to the local or general use of low temperatures in rehab
Cryotherapy
175
List the therapeutic effects of cryotherapy
- dec blood flow to tx area
- dec edema
- dec tone
- dec local temp
- dec metabolic rate
- dec nerve conduction velocity
- inc pain threshold
176
What are the indications for cryotherapy?
Abnormal tone
Acute/chronic pain
Acute/subacute inflammation
Bursitis
Muscle spasm
Musculoskeletal trauma
Myofascial trigger points
Tendonitis
Tenosynovitis
177
Contraindications for cryotherapy
Cold intolerance
Cold urticaria
Cryoglobulinemia
Infection
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over regenerating peripheral nerves
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Peripheral vascular disease
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Skin anesthesia
178
What sensations will the patient feel with ice massage?
C - intense cold
B - burning
A - aching
N - numbness (analgesia)
179
With ice massage, an area __cm by __cm can be covered in __-__ minutes
10, 15; 5-10
180
With ice massage, when should the therapist inspect the skin?
Before and after completion of tx
181
What’s an abnormal response to ice massage?
Presence of wheals or rash
182
Cold packs should be cooled for atleast _____ between uses and for ___ prior to initial use
30 minutes, 2 or more hours
183
How long should a cold pack be applied?
20 minutes
184
Cold packs can be applied every __ to __ hours for reduction of inflammation and pain control
1 - 2
185
With cold packs, application may extend to 30 min if tx goal is ____
Spasticity reduction
186
With a cold bath, it’s commonly used for immersion of ___ extremities and should be immersed for __-__ min to attain desired therapeutic effects
Distal, 15-20
187
The Cryo Cuff is most commonly used on ____
Knee
188
With vapocoolant spray, it should be applied at a ___ degree angle at a distance of __-__ inches from the skin
30, 12-18
189
Therapeutic effects of SUPERFICIAL thermotherapy
Dec muscle spasm
Dec tone
Inc blood flow to tx area
Inc capillary permeability
Inc collagen extensibility
Inc local temp
Inc metabolic rate
Inc muscle elasticity
Inc nerve conduction velocity
Inc pain threshold
190
Indications for SUPERFICIAL thermotherapy
Abnormal tone
Dec ROM
Muscle guarding
Muscle spasm
Myofascial trigger points
Subacute/chronic pain
Subacute/chronic inflammatory conditions
191
Contraindications of SUPERFICIAL thermotherapy
Acute musculoskeletal trauma
Arterial disease
Bleeding or hemorrhage
Over an area of compromised circulation
Over malignancy
Peripheral vascular disease
Thrombophlebitis
192
A standard hot pack measures __ by __ in and used for majority of body segments
12 x 12
193
A 24 x 24 hot pack is generally used for which area?
Low back or buttocks
194
A cervical hot pack measures __ x __ inches
6 x 18
195
T/F: Skin checks should be performed frequently when using hot packs
True
196
Hot packs require approximately __-__ minutes to achieve desired effects
15-20
197
Tx time for infared lamp
15-30 min
198
What are the 3 methods of paraffin application?
Dip-wrap
Dip-reimmersion
Paint application
199
With dip-wrap and dip-reimmersion method of paraffin, how many dips should the patient take?
6-10
200
Total tx time of dip wrap?
10-15 min
201
Total tx time of dip-reimmersion?
20 min
202
Indications of DEEP thermotherapy
Acute & post-acute conditions [US w/ non-thermal]
Calcium deposits
Chronic inflammation
Delayed soft tissue healing
Dermal ulcers
Joint contracture
Muscle spasm
Myofascial trigger points
Pain
Plantar warts
Scar tissue
Tissue regeneration
203
Contraindications of DEEP thermotherapy
Acute & post acute conditions [US w/ thermal effects]
Areas of active bleeding
Areas of dec temperature sensation
Areas of dec circulation
DVT
Infection
Malignancy
Over breast implants
Over carotid sinus or cervical ganglia
Over epiphyseal areas in young children
Over eyes, heart and genitalia
Over methyl methacrylate cement or plastic
Over pelvic, lumbar or abdominal areas in pregnant women
Over pacemaker
Thrombophlebitis
Vascular insufficiency
204
How much flexion allows the therapist to target upper cervical spine?
0-5 deg
205
How much flexion allows the therapist to target mid-cervical spine?
10-20 deg
206
How much flexion allows the therapist to target lower cervical spine?
25-35 deg
207
In general, with cervical traction, treatment time varies from __-__minutes
5-30
208
Indications for compression
Edema
Hypertrophic scarring
Lymphedema
New residual limb
Risk for DVT
Stasis ulcers
209
Indications for electrotherapy
Bell’s palsy
Dec ROM
Facial neuropathy
Fracture
Idiopathic scoliosis
Joint effusion
Labor and delivery
Muscle atrophy
Muscle spasm
Muscle weakness
Open wound/ulcer
Pain
Stress incontinence
Shoulder subluxation
210
_____ refers to directed flow of charge from one place to another
Current
211
_____ is a measure of electromotive force or the electrical potential difference
Voltage
212
_____ describes the ability of a material to oppose the flow of ions through it
Resistance
213
What is Ohm’s law?
Resistance = voltage / current
214
_____ current is characterized by a constant flow of electrons from the anode [positive electrode] to the cathode [negative electrode] for a period of greater than one second without interruption.
Direct
215
______ current is characterized by polarity that continuously changes from positive to negative with the change in direction of current flow
Alternating
216
Constant flow = _____ current
Direct
217
Bidirectional/biphasic flow = ______ current
Alternating
218
Direct current is often used with ________
Iontophoresis
219
The frequency of cycles of alternating current is measured in ______ or _____
Cycles per second, hertz
220
Alternating current is most frequently in modulated form as ____ or time-modulated
Burst
221
______ current is characterized by non-continuous flow of direct or alternating current
Pulsatile
222
A _____ is a discrete electrical event separated from other pulses by a period of time in which no electrical activity exists
Pulse
223
___phasic pulsed current has 1 phase for each pulse
Mono
224
___phasic pulsed current has 2 phases for each pulse
Bi
225
Characteristics of electrical current based on SMALL electrodes
Inc current density
Inc impedance
Dec current flow
226
Characteristics of electrical current based on LARGE electrodes
Dec current density
Dec impedance
Inc current flow
227
_____ = magnitude of current
Amplitude
228
_______ = amount of time it takes for one phase of pulse
Phase duration
229
_____ = time it takes for current to move from 0 to peak intensity within each phase
Rise time
230
_____ = the # of pulses delivered through each channel per second
Frequency
231
Another term related to FREQUENCY
Rate
Pulses per second
Hertz
232
What are the 3 types of catheters?
External - males
Foley - females
Suprapubic
233
An _______ catheter is applied over shaft of penis and is held in place by padded strap or adhesive tape
External
234
A _____ catheter is an indwelling urinary tract catheter that has a balloon attachment at the indwelling end
Foley
235
A _______ catheter is an indwelling urinary catheter that’s surgically inserted directly into patient’s bladder
Suprapubic
236
What relevant information should you include when documenting therapeutic modalities?
Body part to be treated
Modality used
Treatment duration
Parameters
Patient response
Outcome measure
237
BNR values should range between __ and ___
2:1, 8:1
238
Most devices BNR values fall in the __ or __ range
5:1, 6:1
239
What frequency is used for DEEPER tissue?
1MHz
240
What frequency is used for SUPERFICIAL tissue?
3MHz
241
______ ultrasound generates constant ultrasound waves producing thermal effects at higher intensities and non thermal effects at lower intensities
Continuous
242
Continuous ultrasound = ____% duty cycle
100
243
Pulsed ultrasound = ____% duty cycle
20
244
32-79 deg F is used for what purpose?
Acute inflammation of distal extremities
245
79-92 deg F is used for what purpose?
Exercise
246
92 - 96 deg F is used for what purpose?
Wound care, spasticity
247
96-98 deg F is used for what purpose?
Cardiopulmonary compromise
Treatment of burns
248
99-104 deg F is used for what purpose?
Pain management
249
104 - 110 deg F is used for what purpose?
Chronic rheumatoid or osteoarthritis
Increased ROM
250
Which hydrotherapy tank is used for distal extremities?
Extremity tank
251
Which hydrotherapy tank is used for larger parts of extremities and permits long sitting with water up to midthoracic level?
Lowboy tank
252
Which hydrotherapy tank is used for larger parts of extremities and trunk?
Highboy tank
253
Which hydrotherapy tank is used for full-body immersion?
Hubbard tank
254
What are the risks of hydrotherapy?
Falls
Fainting
Burns
Drowning
Electrical safety
