Musculoskeletal I- Joint snapshots, Joint receptors, Joint classification, and Exercise physiology

Question 1

Energy systems- Anaerobic metabolism pg 44

Answer 1

• ATP-PC system
  
  • Used for high intensity, short duration exercise (short sprint 100m)
  • system provides energy for muscle contraction for up to 15 seconds
  • does not depend on long series of chemical reactions, dont not depend on transport of oxygen to working muscles
• Anaerobic glycolysis
  
  • major supplier of ATP during high intensity short duration activities such as sprinting 400 or 800 meters
  • process does not require oxygen
  • results in formation of lactic acid, which causes muscular fatigue
  • nearly 50% slower than ATP-PC system and can provide a person with 30-40 sec of muscle contraction
  • does not require precense of oxygen only uses carbohydrates

Question 2

Energy systems- Aerobic metabolism pg 45

Answer 2

• aerobic system used predominatly during low intensity long duration exercise
• ex running a marathon
• oxygen system yields most ATP, but requires several series of complex chemical reactions
• will provide energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize

Question 3

Anatomic position

Answer 3

• Erect posture of the body with the face forward, feet pointing and slightly apart, arms at side, and palms forward with fingers and thumbs in extension

Question 4

Frontal plane (coronal)

Answer 4

• divides body into anterior and posterior sections
• around anterior/posterior axis

Question 5

Sagittal plane

Answer 5

• divides body into right and left sections
• around medial/lateral axis

Question 6

Transverse plane

Answer 6

• divides body into upper and lower sections
• occur around vertical axis

Question 7

Classes of levers- Class 1 (pg 46)

Answer 7

• axis of rotation (fulcrum) in the middle between the effort (force) and resistance (load)

Question 8

Classes of levers- Class II

Answer 8

• resistance (load) between the rotation (fulcrum) and effort (force)
• effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm
• common for gravity to be the effort and muscle activity the resistance
• ex. wheelbarrow

Question 9

Classes of levers- Class III

Answer 9

• the effort (force) between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the resistance (load)
• length of effort arm is always shorter then length of the resistance arm
• ex shoulder abduction with weight at wrist
• most common type in body

Question 10

Joint classification- Fibrous (synarthroses) pg 46

Answer 10

• suture (sagittal suture of skull)
• syndesmosis (tib and fib with interosseus membrane)
• gomphosis (tooth in socket)

Question 11

Joint classification- Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

Answer 11

• synchondrosis (sternum and true rib articulation)
• symphysis (pubic)

Question 12

Joint classification- Synovial joints (diarthroses)

Answer 12

• uniaxial- one motion around single axis
• biaxial- movements occurs in two planes (convex/concave)
• multiaxial- movement occurs in three planes

Question 13

Joint receptors- free nerve endings pg 47

Answer 13

• location- joint capsule, ligaments, synovium, fat pads
• sensitivity- one type is sensitive to non noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biomechanical stimuli
• primary distribution- all joints

Question 14

Joint receptors- golgi ligament endings

Answer 14

• location- ligaments, adjacent to ligaments’ bony attachment
• sensitivity- tension or stretch on ligaments
• primary distribution- majority of joints

Question 15

Joint receptors- golgi mazzoni corpuscles

Answer 15

• location- joint capsule
• sensitivity- compression of joint capsule
• primary distribution- knee joint, joint capsule

Question 16

Joint receptors- Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 16

• location- fibrous layers of joint capsule
• sensitivity- high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position
• primary distribution- all joints

Question 17

Joint receptors- Ruffini endings

Answer 17

• location- fibrous layer of joint capsule
• sensitivity- stretching of joint capsule
• primary distribution- greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions

Question 18

Muscle action- TMJ

Answer 18

• depress
  
  • lateral pterygoid
  • surahyoid
  • infrahyoid
• elevate
  
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
• protrusion
  
  • masseter
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
• retrusion
  
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • digastric
• side to side
  
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
  • masseter
  • temporalis

Question 19

Glenohumeral joint loose packed position, closed packed casular pattern (pg 50)

Answer 19

• Loose packed:* 55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction
• Closed packed:* abduction and lateral rotation
• Capsular pattern:* ER, ABD, IR

Question 20

Sternoclavicular joint loose packed, closed packed, capsular pattern

Answer 20

• Loose packed:* arm resting at side
• Close packed:* max shoulder elevation
• Capsular pattern:* pain at extreme ranges of movement

Question 21

Acromioclavicular joint closed packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 21

• Loose packed:* arm resting at side
• Close packed:* arm abducted to 90 degrees
• Capsular pattern:* pain at extremes of range of motion

Question 22

Radiohumeral joint loose packed, close packed, capsular pattern

Answer 22

• Loose packed:* full extension, supination
• Close packed:* 90 degrees flexion, 5 degrees supination
• Capsular pattern:* flexion, extension, supination, pronation

Question 23

Ulnohumeral joint loose packed, close packed, capsular pattern

Answer 23

• Loose packed:* 70 degrees elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination
• Close packed:* extension
• Capsular pattern:* flexion, extension

Question 24

Proximal radioulnar loose packed, close packed, capsular pattern

Answer 24

• Loose packed:* 70 degrees elbow flexion, 35 degrees supination
• Close packed:* 5 degrees supination
• Capsular pattern:* Supination, pronation

Question 25

Radiocarpal close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 25

* Loose packed:* neutral with slight ulnar deviation * Close packed:* extension with radial deviation * Capsular pattern:* flexion and extension equally limited

Question 26

Iliofemoral close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 26

* Loose packed:* 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction, slight ER * Close packed:* full extension, IR * Capsular pattern:* flexion, abduction, IR (sometimes most limited)

Question 27

Tibiofemoral close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 27

* Loose packed:* 25 degrees flexion * Close packed:* full extensio, ER of tibia * Capsular pattern:* flexion, extension

Question 28

Talocrural close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 28

* Loose packed:* 10 degrees plantar flexion, midway between max inversion and eversion * Close packed:* maximum dorsiflexion * Capsular pattern:* plantarflexion, dorsiflexion

Question 29

Subtalar close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 29

* Loose packed:* midway between extremes of range of motion * Close packed:* supination * Capsular pattern:* dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, adduction, IR

Question 30

Cervical spine close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 30

* Loose packed:* midway between flexion and extension * Close packed:* extension * Capsular pattern:* lateral flexion and rotation equally limited, extension

Question 31

Thoracolumbar close packed, loose packed, capsular pattern

Answer 31

* Loose packed:* midway between flexion and extension * Close packed:* extension * Capsular pattern:* lateral flexion and rotation equally limited, extension