Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

reasons for malnutrition?

A

pain
depression/stress
anorexia for more than 3 days
underlying disease
- trauma
- sepsis
- pancreatitis
large protein losses
- eg from gastrointestinal disease
obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

diet requirements for growing animals?

A

calcium (Ca) and phophorus (P)
- vital for bone strength
- vital for nerve and muscle function
- vital for blood clotting
- calcium deficiency = slow growth and thyroid problems

vitamin D
- aids absorption of Ca through the gut
- decreases excretion of Ca and P from kidneys

vitamin A
- essential for correct metabolism
- deficiency = skin/coat conditions, poor growth, reproductive disorders and eye disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what bone disorders can an incorrect diet cause?

A

Metabolic bone disease
- an abnormality of bones caused by a broad spectrum of disorders.
- often due to deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Vit. D

Rickets
- disease which causes soft and deformed bones
- often due to deficiency in phosphorus, Vit.D or calcium
- signs: abnormal walking, pain, fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

common elbow disorder? why? signs?

A

dogs and cats bear 60% of body weight on their forelimbs
the humerus, ulna and radius must align for normal function

abnormal joit development (dysplasia)
- common in large dog breeds
- overtime causes osteoarthritis
- may cause fractures within the joint

signs
- hesitation to use stairs
- non-weight bearing lame
- dropped shoulder
- sleep more/appear lazy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common hip disorders? signs?

A

fractures
- often from trauma
- tend to be multiple
- may involve internal organs

malformed hip joints (dysplasia)

osteoarthritis, caused by:
- hip dysplasia
- trauma/injury
- infection

signs
- difficulty rising
- lameness/stiffness
- low energy levels
- avoiding stairs or jumping
- toilet accidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

common stifle disorders? signs?

A

cranial cruciate ligament tear
- damaged during twisting
- reduced joint stability

medial patella luxation
- congential defect - femoral grove too shallow
- patella slides medially out of femoral grove
- causes instability

abnormal joint development
- causes joint instability and inflammation

signs
- non-weight bearing or partially lame
- sudden onset of lameness - ligament tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is osteochrondritis dissecans?

A

abnormal cartilage and bone development in joints
- often bilateral
- causes small chips to rub = wear and tear

common sites
- shoulder, elbow, knee, hock

the cause can be genetic or nutrition

large dog breeds more predisposed due to fast growth rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is osteoarthritis? causes and signs?

A

AKA: degenerative joint disease

inflammation of the cartilage and underlying bone structure
this leads to
- cartilage loss
- deterioration of the joint
- joint instability
- hardening of subchondral bone
- osteophyte formation

causes
- trauma
- aging
- dysplasia

signs
- chronic pain
- joint effusion - thicker fluid
- muscle atrophy - from reduced weight-bearing
- exercise intolerance
- stiffness - may improve as warm-up
- lameness - may be non-weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is spondylosis deformans? causes and signs?

A

the presence of bony osteophytes (bony spurs)
common sites include:
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- lumbosacral junction

it is a chronic condition often caused from:
- age
- repetitive microtrauma - eg spinal twisting
- major trauma
- genetics

signs
- stiff
- pain or lameness if there is pressure on nerves
- difficulty getting up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Intervertebral Disk Disease? causes and signs? nursing care/management?

A

intervertebral disks separate and cushion the vertebrae
- have a firm exterior and soft interior

IVDD is the general degeneration or sudden rupture of these disc
- the spinal cord swells and becomes compressed
- causing bruising to the spinal cord
- this impairs nerve conductors along the spinal cord

signs
- acute and severe pain
- neurological signs
- paralysis

nursing care/management
- physical therapy
- severe cases = surgery
- providing rest / controlled exercise
- close monitoring
- soft/cushioned bedding
- NSAIDs
- nutraceuticals to promote joint health and minimise inflammation
- promoting healthy body weight
- client exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes, signs and management of fractures?

A

often caused by trauma, often:
- pelvis
- humerus
- femur
sometimes due to disease - eg infection or cancer

signs
- non-weightbearing lame/pain
- swelling
- bruising
- warm

management
- strict rest
- splint/bandages - Robert jones bandage
- surgical repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is periodontal disease? causes, signs and management?

A

cause of an oral infection
inflammation caused by bacteria in the gums
- food particles stick to the teeth (plaque)
- plaque hardens to calculus
- further bacteria accumulates - cycle
causes irreversible destruction of support tissues around teeth
- so causes tooth loss

signs
- foul oral odour
- teeth chattering and salivation
- dropping food
- red gums
- tooth loss

unresolved infections can spread across body
- bacteria within mouth enters blood stream
- kidneys, liver, lungs

management
- can’t cure but can manage
- antibiotics to fight infection
- dental surgery
- home dental care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

types of bone tumours?

A

osteosarcoma - malignant
- most commonly affect long bone
- very aggressive and painful

osteoma - benign
- a new piece of bone growing on bone
- added pressure

chondrosarcoma - malignant
- affect bone such as ribs and nasal cavity
- develops in cartilage cells
- impact growth and movement - painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nursing care and management for bone tumours?

A

assisting with diagnostics
- x-rays/ultrasounds
- prepping for samples
monitoring vital signs
administer medications
- assist with chemo and side effects
soft, comfortable bedding
ensure adequate nutrition
post-op care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is osteomyelitis? causes, signs, diagnosis and treatment/management?

A

inflammation of one and bone marrow

often caused by bone infection
- direct contact (eg FBs) or infection spread locally
- corrosion of a surgical implant - eg bone plates

signs
- pyrexia
- lethargy/lameness/pain
- inappetence
- exudation of pus - wound/tract from implant

diagnosis
- swab area
- test implants if removed

treatment/nursing care
- monitor vitals
- soft, comfortable bedding
- analgesia and antibiotics
- post-op care and fluid therapy
- manage and change dressings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is myopathy? causes, signs and treatment/nursing care?

A

muscle damage from bad blood supply to the muscle
caused by
- lying recumbent for a long time
- poor positioning/lying on firm surfaces
- prolonged anaesthesia
- prolonged periods of hypotension
- stress = vasoconstriction

signs
- distress and panting
- hard muscle
- localised swelling
- lameness - can be non-weight bearing

treatment and nursing care
- fluid therapy - encourages blood flow to area
- analgesia
- sedation - to decrease stress - but slows blood flow
- massage - increase blood circulation - will be painful
- turn recumbent patients every 2-4 hours

17
Q

what is exertional rhabdomyolysis? signs, causes and treatment?

A

a condition where muscles cramp and start to dissolve
- occurs after intense exercise
- increase movement = increase stiffening

causes
- overexertion
- muscle strain
- diet-related deficiencies
- high grain diet
- genetics

signs
- extreme pain
- increased but shallow breathing
- tremors
- muscle contractions
- refusal to move
- lameness
- late-stage - collapse renal failure

treatment
- if exercising, stop asap and rest
- pain control
- anti-inflammatories
- sedatives and muscle relaxants
- fluids and electrolytes
- diet control and supplements (Vit.E)
- keep warm

18
Q

signs, causes and treatment for tendon damage?

A

signs
- heat and swelling
- bowed appearance
- lameness - varies
- severe = toe lift

causes
- torn fibres during exercise
- fast work on uneven ground
- trauma

treatment
- strict rest and rest-controlled exercise
- hot and cold therapy
- support bandages - prevent oedema
- anti-inflammatories - can slow healing but reduce swelling and pain
- repeat ultrasounds
- platelet-rich plasma and stem cells - tendons have poor blood supply - speeds up healing

19
Q

signs, causes and treatment of ligament damage?

A

signs
- heat
- swelling
- pain - lame and/or on palpation

causes
- direct trauma
- abnormal or excessive forces

treatment
- strict rest and rest-controlled exercise
- hot and cold therapy
- support bandages - prevent oedema
- anti-inflammatories - can slow healing but reduce swelling and pain
- repeat ultrasounds
- shockwave treatment - stimulates cells and improves blood flow
- platelet-rich plasma and stem cells - ligaments have poor blood supply - speeds up healing

20
Q

what is muscular dystrophy? signs and treatment?

A

An inherited disease that causes progressive weakness and degeneration of muscles
- due to defect on x chromosome meaning males are more prone

Signs
- pain
- decreased muscle mass
- stiff gait
- exercise intolerance
- trouble eating or regurgitation

Treatment = management
- corticosteroids
- IVFT
- muscle relaxants
- analgesia