Circulatory System Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the grades of heart murmurs?

A
  1. soft and barely noticeable
  2. soft but easily diagnosed with a stethoscope
  3. easily heard but no noticeable vibration
  4. loud with no noticeable vibration
  5. loud with some vibration
  6. loud with severe vibration, can be heard/felt without a stethoscope
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2
Q

congenital vs acquired heart disease?

A

congenital
- disease present at birth
- eg. patent ductus arterosis, valve dysplasia, septal defects, tetralogy of fallout, persistent right aortic arch

acquired
- a progressive condition
- eg endocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, pericardial disease, heart failure

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3
Q

Patent Ductus Arterosis
what is it? signs? treatment?

A

the ductus arteriosus fails to close at birth
- lungs become overloaded
- if not treated then left sided heart failure

signs
- loud heart murmur (grade 4-6)
- poor growth
- asymptomatic or in heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing

treatment
- surgical closure of the vessel
- implantation of a coil to block
- prognosis is excellent with treatment

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4
Q

endocardial disease and valve dysplasia
what are they? signs? treatment? diagnostics?

A

dysplasia = malformation of the mitral or bicuspid valves
endocardial disease = narrowing of mitral or tricuspid valve

both cause blood to regurgitate back into atria
- workload increases and they enlarge
- causes congestion

signs
- loud heart murmur (grade 4-6)
- heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing

diagnosis
- history - changes in behaviour/appetite etc
- thoracic radiographs
- ECC and ECG
- blood culture

treatment
- possible broad spectrum antibiotics following culture results
- treat for heart failure

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5
Q

Ventricular/atrial septal defects
what is it? signs? treatment?

A

holes in heart between atria or ventricles
- causes blood to flow abnormally

signs
- loud heart murmur
- asymptomatic or congested heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing

treatment
- treat heart failure

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6
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot
what is it? signs? treatment?

A

a combintation of defects
- ventricular septal defect
- pulmonary stenosis
- compensatory right-sided hypertrophy
- overriding aorta

clinical signs
- heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing/cyanosis

treatment
- need young otherwise prognosis low
- treat defects and heart failure

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7
Q

Persistent right aortic arch
what is it? signs? treatment?

A

malformation of major arteries of the heart
- traps the oesophagus

signs
- regurgitation of food
- malnourished
- aspiration pneumonia

treatment
- surgery to ligate and cut remnant
- feeding from a height - uses gravity to help
- liquid diet

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8
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathies
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment?

A

Thickening of the heart
- interferes with relaxation of the heart
- prevents normal filling
- poor diastolic function
- decreased cardiac output
- heart failure

signs
- heart murmur
- lethargic, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia
- cyanosis

diagnostics
- ECC and ECG
- thoracic radiographs
- blood tests and pressure measuring
- clotting profiles - prone to clots

treatment
- beta blocks - cardiac relaxation
- pain relief
- antithrombotic and vasodilators

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9
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment?

A

dilation of the heart chambers
- poor systolic function
- decreased strength from decrease in muscle
- congestion and heart failure

signs
- anorexia/weight loss
- heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing/cyanosis
- heart murmur

diagnostics
- ECC and ECG
- thoracic radiographs

treatment
- individual assessment
- heart failure

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10
Q

Arrhythmia
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment?

A

a disturbance of electrical activity within the heart
- can be primary or secondary
- broadly categorised

signs
- asymptomatic - only know when hear heart
- exercise intolerance/weakness/collapse

diagnostics
- blood tests
- ECC and ECG
- thoracic radiographs

treatment
- antiarrhythmics
- pacemaker

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11
Q

Pericardial Disease
what is it? signs? diagnostics? treatment?

A

an effusion accumulates in pericardial sacs
- restricts filling of right side of heart
- right-sided heart failure

signs
- heart failure - lethargic/dyspnoea/coughing/cyanosis
- distended abdomen
- exercise intolerance/collapse

diagnostics
- ECC and ECG
- thoracic radiographs

treatment
- relieving pressure around heart
- fluid removal and analysis

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12
Q

heart failure?
what is it? types? diagnostics?

A

circulatory failure
- abnormal communications between heart chambers
- unable to meet needs of the body
- congestion

types
- acute
- left-sided
- right-sided

diagnostics
- thoracic radiographs
- ECC and ECG
- blood tests

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13
Q

Acute heart failure
signs? treatment? nursing care?

A

signs
- reluctance to exercise
- collapse
- pale MMs/ cyanosis, slow CRT, weak pulse
- heart murmur
- cough/dyspnoea/tachypnoea

treatment
- thoracentesis/diuretic - if fluid build up

nursing care
- reduce stress and keep warm
- cage rest
- O2 therapy
- monitor vitals

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14
Q

Left-sided heart failure
signs? treatment? nursing care?

A

signs
- reluctant to exercise - fatigue/lethargy
- pale MMs/cyanosis
- heart murmur/tachycardia/dysrhythmias
- cough/dyspnoea/tachypnoea

treatment
- diuretics
- antiarythmics

nursing care
- reduce exercise, reduce obesity if applicable
- O2 therapy and keep warm
- monitor vitals
- low salt diet/palatable diet

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15
Q

Right-sided heart failure
signs? nursing care?

A

signs
- ascites/abdominal distention
- hepatomegaly/splenomegaly
- reluctance to exercise/fatigue/lethargy
- pale MMs/cyanosis
- heart murmur/tachycardia/dysrhythmias
- cough/dyspnoea/tachypnoea

nursing care
- medication - diuretics/ antiarrhythmics
- reduce exercise, reduce obesity if applicable
- O2 therapy and keep warm
- monitor vitals
- low salt diet/palatable diet

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16
Q

what is shock?

A

a state of acute circulatory collapse
- inability to transport sufficient oxygen
- organ failure
- death

17
Q

what is hypovolaemic shock?
signs and treatment?

A

most common shock
secondary to significant loss of fluid
- dehydration/bleeding

signs
- tachycardia
- >CRT/pale MMs
- poor pulse quality/low blood pressure
- lethargic
- collapse

treatment
- stop cause - fluid replacement or haemorrhage control
- replace electrolytes
- oxygen supplementation
- warmth and calm

18
Q

what is distributive shock?
signs and treatment?

A

body reaction
- often to allergy or infection
- eg anaphylactic, toxic or septic shock

causes release of inflammatory mediators which promote vasodilation
- body unable to control where blood is distributed

signs
- tachycardia
- red MMs/increased CRT
- poor pulse quality

treatment
- manage underlying cause - eg antibiotics
- IVFT - esp. electrolytes
- oxygen supplementation
- warmth

19
Q

what is cardiogenic shock?
signs and treatment?

A

when the heart can no longer pump effectively
- often seen in degenerative heart conditions
- decreases venous return

signs
- lethargic/weak
- heart failure signs
- heart murmur and irregular pulse

treatment
- manage underlying cause
- IVFT
- oxygen supplementation
- warmth
- very close monitoring

20
Q

what is obstructive shock?
signs and treatment?

A

the blood cannot get around body due to obstruction
- often vessels around the heart of the heart
- eg clot or vessel constricted
- reduces venous return

signs
- tachycardia
- pale MMs
- lethargic
- poor pulse quality

treatment
- manage underlying cause
- fluid and oxygen supplementation
- warmth