Musculoskeletal, Circulatory, & Lymphoid

Question 1

What is the main immune defense of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

Circulatory immune system

Question 2

Why is bone resistant to infection?

Answer 2

Constant remodeling

Question 3

What areas of bone are predisposed to infection?

Answer 3

Site of traumatic injury

Areas of active growth with increased vascularity

Sites with special vascular features such as discontinuous epithelium in vertebral endplates and metaphyses

Question 4

What route of infectious is most common in diskospondylitis?

Answer 4

Hematogenous

Question 5

What route of infection is most common for vertebral osteomyelitis?

Answer 5

Direct from penetrating wound

Question 6

Most common bacterial pathogens in arthritis?

Answer 6

B-hemolytic strep
Borriela
Staph pseud
Mycoplasma

Question 7

Common bacterial agents associated with diskospondylitis

Answer 7

Actinomyces
B-hemolytic strep
Brucella
Staph pseud

Question 8

Common bacteria associated with myositis

Answer 8

B-hemolytyic strep
Pasturella (cats)
Staph pseud

Question 9

Common bacteria associated with necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 9

Beta-hemolytic strep

Question 10

Bacteria associated with ostromyelitis

Answer 10

Actinomyces
Brucella
Staph pseud

Question 11

Bacteria associated with polymyositis

Answer 11

Leptospira

Question 12

Fungal agents associated with diskospondylitis

Answer 12

Aspergillus
Blastomycoses
Coccidiodes

Question 13

Viral pathogen associated with arthritis in cats

Answer 13

Feline syncytium-forming virus

Question 14

Common clinical features associated with anaerobic osteomyelitis

Answer 14

Follow fractures, trauma, or bite wounds

Sequestra

Putrid exudate or gas in soft tissues

“Sterile” cultures despite signs of infection

Multiple microorganisms in Gram-stained specimens

Lack of response to antibiotics

Question 15

Most prevalent bacteria in septic joints

Answer 15

Staph spp.

Question 16

Which anitbiotic is a good choice for Gram + organisms in bone infection? Gram -?

Answer 16

Gram +: clindamycin

Gram - : fluoroquinolones (NOT FOR IMMATURE ANIMALS)

Question 17

Most common Gram - and Gram + bacteria associated with sepsis?

Answer 17

Gram -
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas

Gram +
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

Question 18

Bacterial agent associated with limb edema in dogs?

Answer 18

Ehrlichia canis

Question 19

Normal microbial flora of nervous system

Answer 19

NONE

Question 20

Viruses that can have latent infection in nervous system?

Answer 20

Herpes

Distemper

Question 21

MHC is expressed by which kind of cells in CNS?

Answer 21

Astrocytes

Microglial cells

Question 22

Immunological defenses of CNS

Answer 22

Choroid-plexus macrophages

Epiplexus cells

Meningeal macrophages

Perivascular cells of Virchow-Robin spaces

Question 23

Why does the CNS want to minimize the inflammatory response? How does it do this?

Answer 23

Inflammation can lead to profound/irreversible disturbance in neuronal function

Glial cells secrete IL-6, TGFB2
Induction of T cell apoptosis

Question 24

Most infections of the nervous system involve which structures?

Answer 24

Brain and meninges

Question 25

Why are spinal cord infections rare?

Answer 25

Little blood flow

Question 26

Most common route of nervous system infection?

Answer 26

Hematogneous

Question 27

Why is the incidence of meningitis and encephalitis fairly low when compared to infections of other organs?

Answer 27

Better protection of nervous system by its barriers

Question 28

What is the most reliable and accurate means to diagnose meningitis/meningoencphalitis?

Answer 28

CSF tap

Question 29

Recommended antibiotics for nervous system penetration?

Answer 29

Ampicillin
Metronidazole
Tetracyclines
TMS
Fluoroquinolones
3rd gen cephalosporins