Musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards by Jasmine Haynes

What is cartilage?

-Hard but flexible, compressible, and elastic connective tissue
-Consists of chondrocytes embedded in matrix of chondroitin
-No blood vessels so nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through matrix to cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the features of hyaline cartilage?

-Highest proportion of collagen
-Surrounded by perichondrium
-weakest type of cartilage
-becomes bone in foetus (ossification)
-retained in adults
. At end of joints to reduce friction
.nose
.larynx
.trachea
.bronchi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the features of elastic cartilage?

-Intermediate strength
-Chondrocytes surrounded by collagen and network of elastic fibres
-Elastic but maintains shape
-Ear pinna and epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the features of fibrocartilage?

-Strongest
-More collagen than cells
-Collagen organised as dense fibres, higher tensile strength
-Fibres arranged in direction of stress
.Intervertebral discs
.Knee joints (meniscus)
.Ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of bone?

-Structural support
-Movement
-Physical protction of organs
-Mineral regulation
-Store Calcium and Phosphate
-Trap harmful minerals (lead)
-Regulate calcium conc in blood
-Red blood cell formation (red marrow)
-Lipid storage (yellow marrow)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is in the matrix of compact bone?

-30% organic (collagen) to resist fracture
-70% inorganic (main component hydroxyapatite, containing Calcium and Phosphate)
helps prevent compression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is compact bone?

-Surrounds most bones, makes up 75% of bones
-White and shiny
-Strong and rigid
-Haversian and Volkmann canals run through bone to allow blood vessels to penetrate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is spongy bone?

-Found at ends of long bone and vertebrae
-Network of spaces containing red marrow
-Bone marrow-flexible tissue where blood cells are made
-Lamellae form honeycomb like structures (made by osteocytes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do osteoblasts do?

-Forms bones
-Matures to osteocytes
-Secrete collagen and hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do osteoclasts do?

-Break down lamellae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do osteocytes do?

Maintain mineral concentration of matrix

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cause of rickets/osteomalacia?

-lack of Calcium and Vitamin D

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms of rickets/osteomalacia?

-Skeletal deformation
-Bone bending

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for rickets/osteomalacia?

-Cod liver oil
-UV B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cause of brittle bone disease?

Genetic mutation in collagen gene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms for brittle bone disease?

-Loose joints
-Poor muscle
-Weak bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for brittle bone disease?

-Drug to increase bone mass
-Surgery
-physio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cause of osteoporosis?

-Loss of bone density in spongy and compact bone
-More likely in female due to hormone imbalance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

Calcium and vitamin D

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

-Fast loss of bone density

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the order of the ultra structure of muscles?

-Muscle
-Multinucleated bundle of fibres (striated)
-Myofibrils
Sarcomeres

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do sarcomeres contain?

-Actin
-Myosin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the components of sarcomeres?

-Z band: connect actin
-I band: Actin only
-A band: both
-H zone: myosin only
-M line: join myosin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to sarcomere components when muscle contract?

-Z disc shorten
-I band shorten
-H band smaller
-A band same

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to sarcomere components when muscles relax?

-Z disc lengthen -I band lengthen -H zone bigger -A band same

What is the structure of an actin filament?

Two twisted chains of actin monomers with myosin head binding sites, Tropomysin runs length of chains and blocks myosin binding site

What is the structure of Myosin?

-rod shaped with two heads with ATPase -Heads project from fibrous tail -Myosin arranged in radial symmetry

What is the sliding filament theory?

-Calcium binds to troponin, changing shape -Tropomyosin moves, expose binding site -Myosin head form cross bridges to actin -ADP + P attached to head released, change myosin head shape -Myosin head relax, pulls actin past myosin (power stroke) -Another ATP binds to myosin, breaks cross bridge -Hydrolysis of ATP -Repeats until calcium pumped back in sarcoplasmic reticulum

What are the features of fast twitch fibres?

-Strength, rapid -Anaerobic -Fewer blood vessels -Small energy quick -Less mitochondria -Less myoglobin

What are the features of slow twitch fibres?

-Stamina, endurance -Aerobic -More blood -Lots of energy slow -More mito -More myoglobin

What are the features of using creatine phosphate?

Stores phosphate for rapid ADP to ATP conversion when oxygen levels too low for oxidative phosphorylation, last 6 sec

What are the cons of glycolysis?

-muscle fatigue and lactate buildup

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

-Skull -Vertebral column -Ribcage -Sternum

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

-Pectoral (clavicle and scalpula) -Forelimb (humerus, radius to thumb, ulna) -Pelvic girdle -Hind limb (femur, tib/fib)

What are the types of fracture?

-Simple -Compound -Displaced/non-displaced -Comminuted

What is the treatment for fracture?

-Realignment of bone and immobilisation -Osteoblast make new bone tissue, osteoclast model

Describe cervical vertebrae

-7 -Wider canal -Vertebroarterial canal carries blood vessels to brain -Smaller body to bear less weight

Describe thoracic vertebrae

-12 -Articulate with ribs -Large transverse process

Describe lumbar vertebrae

-5 -Largest to provide support -Absorb stress when carry and lift

Describe scoliosis

Sideways spinal curve

What is the cause of scoliosis?

-Mutation -Muscle imbalance

What is the treatment for scoliosis?

-Physio -Brace -Surgery

Describe flat foot

-Lack of arch -Overpronation causing muscle and ligament strain

What is the cause of flat foot?

-Genetic -Congenital -Injury -Arthritis

What is the treatment of flat foot?

-Supportive shoes -Exercise -Surgery

Describe knock knees

Feet don't meet when knees touch

What is the cause of knock knees

Lack of calcium and vitamin D

What is the treatment for knock knees?

-Resolve itself in childhood -Brace -Surgery

Describe gliding joint

-Bones glide over each other collectively, creating whole range of movement -Vertebrae, wrist, ankles

Describe hinge joint

-Movement in one plane -Knee, finger, elbow

Describe ball and socket joint

-Movement in more than one plane -Hip, shoulder

What is an example of an immovable joint?

Cranium

What are risk factors of osteoarthritis?

-Repeated and rigorous bending of joint -Damage -Overweight

What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?

-NSAIDs -Joint replacement

What are the advantages of hip replacement?

-Relief from pain -Increase mobility -Reduce drug intake -Restore quality of life

What are the disadvantages of hip replacement?

-Long recovery -Replacement could fail after 15-20 years -More risks after 2nd surgery -Infection

What cause rheumatoid arthritis?

-Genetic and environmental factors -Recognises protein in joint tissue as antigens -Severe inflammation of joints, increased blood flow and temp

What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

-Injection of steroid anti inflammatories -Physio -Surgery

Describe the bicep

Main insertion in radius Origin is scalpula