Musculoskeletal Flashcards
ligaments connect
bone to bone
tendons connect
muscle to bone
injury to a ligament, surrounding the joint and is caused by wrenching or twisting
sprain
what are the 3 classifications of a sprain
1st= mild, only mild tear, tender and mild swelling 2nd= moderate or partial disruption of tissue, with more swelling, tenderness and bruising 3rd= severe, complete tear of ligament
excessive stretching of a muscle, its fascial sheeth, or tendon (mostly occurs in button, quads, hammies, calf)
strain
what are the 3 classifications of a strain
1st= mild, slightly pulled 2nd= moderately torn muscle 3rd= severely torn or ruptured muscle
how can you tell if a tendon is ruptured
seeing the muscle rolling up under skin- pain and aggravated with use, local inflammatory process, degree of loss of movement, edema
what can we teach a pt about preventing sprains and strains
warm up, stretching exercises, start gradually
what intervention can we do for strains and sprains
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of the bone
fractures
what is a complete fracture
break is completely through the bone
what is an incomplete fracture
bone is still in one piece
what is a displaced fracture
two ends separated from one another (not in alignment)
what is a non displaced fracture
periosteum is intact and bone is aligned
what should you do if you suspect a fracture
IMMOBILIZE to be safe
what is purpose of traction
prevent or decrease pain and muscle spasm
immobilize joint
reduce fracture of dislocation
pulling force to attain realignment- counteraction plus in opposite direction
traction
how much weight is applied to skin traction
5-10lbs
what type of traction is long term pull to maintain alignment
skeletal traction
how much weight is applied for skeletal traction
5-45lbs
what are complications of skeletal traction
infection, immobility, malunion
a cast typically incorporates joints _____ and _____ fractures so theres no ____ and _____ movement
above and below; muscle and tendon
how would you immobilize the lower extremity
elevate above heart
dont place in dependent position
oserve for compartment syndrome
what should you not do when you have a cast on
don’t pull padding out, don’t keep plastic covering on it, don’t stick anything inside cast to itch
what is the main assesment to do on these patients
neurovascular assessment
six P’s
if you suspect a patient has compartment syndrome what should you NOT do
dont elevatate, and don’t apply ice
compartment syndrome can also cause
rhabdo myolysis (breakdown of muscle precipitates into renal tubules and injures kidneys)
if nothing relieves pressure from compartment syndrome then what is done
fasciotomy (left open to get swelling to go away)
what could happen if the post op patient is inactive, don’t not wear anti embolism socks, and does not do ROM exercises
a DVT could occur
who are more prone to hip fx
women due to osteoporosis
a dislocation is
popped out of place
a subluxation is
partial or incomplete dislocation
a dislocation and a subluxation should be
emergently reduced and immobilized
how will a total hip or hip dislocation be immobilized
using an abduction pillow (trying to limit movement of the hip and knee (above and below))
why do most people get an amputation
happens because of peripheral vascular disease (seen in diabetics)
what do you not want to do to a pt stump after amputation
do NOT elevate by pillow because blood flow is not getting to area and hip will freeze in that position
what are the risk factors for osteoarthritis
age, estrogen reduction at menopause, obesity, injury, frequent kneeling and stooping, smoking, genetic
osteoarthritis is a ____ inflammatory disease that happens in the JOINT caused by repeated ____ or repeated ______
non inflammatory; use/movement
if you have injury to a joint will you most likely have OA in that joint as you age
YES
what are clinical madifestations of OA
pain with movement but relieved by rest
joint deformities
if someone is having gait problems and if they have had an injury a long time ago what should you measure
length of their legs
what are diagnostic studies for OA
bone scan, CT, MRI (early joint changes)
X-ray
what nursing assessment should be done on OA pt
joint pain and stiffness
ask how much it impairs ADL
capare to opposite side
pain management practices
what health promotion could you implement for people with OA
weight loss exercise don't take medication stronger than tylenol or aspirin proper body mechanics nutrition clean floors assistive devices
