fluid and lytes Flashcards
what are the 4 function of fluid and electrolytes
- promote neuro muscular irritibility
- maintain body fluid osmolality
- regulate acid base balance
- regulate distribution of body fluids among body fluid compartments
what factors influence body fluids
age, gender, body fat
obese people with have _____ fluid than those who are thin
less
where is the highest amount of water fun in
muscle, skin and blood
what is third spacing and what causes this
when too much fluid from the blood nestles move into the interstitial space; caused by ascites, burns, peritonitis, bowel obstructions, massive bleeding in a joint
what are the 5 cations (+charge)
Na, K, Ca, Mg, H
what are the anions (- charge)
Cl, HCO3, Phos
osmolality should range from
280-300
gets things back to normal (homeostasis)
osmosis
moves from high concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
separates unwanted materials
filtration
protein transports sodium and potassium across membranes
sodium-potassium pump
if kidneys do NOT work then what happens to your lytes lab values
will most likely be abnormal
normal sodium lab value
135-145 mEq/L
if there is a decrease in serum Na this means
diluted ECF
if there is an increase in serum Na this means
concentrated ECF (H2O pulled out of cells)
when Na moves into a cell what moves out of the cell
Potassium
water follows
sodium
function of sodium controls _____ distribution, and has a great deal to do with our _____ and ______ function
H2O; muscle and nerve
normal potassium level
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
potassium influences both ______ and _______ activity
CARDIAC; muscle
what is the #1 cause of hyperkalemia
renal failure
what foods have potassium
banana, apricots, cantalope, green leafy veggies
what is the normal calcium lab values
8.6-10.2 mg/dl
what are the 3 forms Ca is found in
bound, ionized, complexed
where is calcium 99% stored
bones and teeth
ionized calcium promotes transmission of _____ impulse and ______ contractions
nerve; muscle
if Ca is low phosphorous is
high
what are the 4 calcium regulators
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
phosphate
vitamin D
why do you want the pt up and walking
so Ca will not leave the bone and go into the blood stream and cause high Ca levels
what calcium regulator helps keep calcium in the bone
calcitonin
reciprocal relationship with Ca
phosphate
what helps with Ca absorption and how can you get it
Vitamin D; sunshine and from dairy products
what is the normal lab value for magnesium
1.3-2.3 mEq/L
Mg is important for
neuromuscular function
what is the big thing and most cause of hypomagnesium
alcoholism because they tend to not take in enough food
what is the normal Phosphorous lab value
2.5-4.5 mg/dl
what is phosphorous essential for
function of muscle and RBCs, nervous system, cell membrane activity
Hypokalemia causes “body is trying to DITCH potassium”
Drugs (laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids)
Inadequate intake of K (NPO, anorexia, N)
Too much water intake
Cushings syndrome (too much aldosterone)
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, V/D, wound)
Hypokalemia S/S “SUCTION”
Skeletal Muscle weaknes Ua Constipation Toxicity of Dig Irregular weak pulse Orthostatic hypotension Numbness
hyperkalemia causes “body CARED too much for K”
Cellular movement of K from ICF to ECF Adrenal insufficiency (addisons) Renal failure Excessive K intake Drugs (k sparing, ACE, NSAIDS)
hyperkalemia S/S “going to MURDER them”
Muscle weakness Urine production low or absent Respiratory failure Decreased cardiac contractility Early signs of muscle twitching/cramps Rhythm changes
hyponatremia causes “NO NA”
Na excretion increased (NG suction, V, Diu)
Overload of fluids
Na intake low through low salt diet or NPO
Antidiuretic hormone over secreted (SIADH)
hyponatremia S/S “SALT LOSS”
Seizures and stupor Abdominal cramping and attitude changes Lethargic Tendon Reflexes Loss of urine and appetite Orthostatic hypotension Shallow respirations Spasms of muscles
hypernatremia causes “HIGH SALT”
Hypercortisolism Increased sodium intake GI tube feedings w/o H20 supple Hypertonic solutions Sodium excretion decreased Aldosterone problems Loss of fluids (dehydrated) Thirst impairment
hypernatremia “no FRIED foods for you”
Fever, flushed skin Restlessness, really agitated Increased fluid retention Edema, extremely confused Decreased urinary output; dry mouth/skin
hypocalcemia causes “LOW CALCIUM”
Low parathyroid hormone Oral intake inadequate Wound drainage Celiacs disease, crohns disease (malabsorb) Acute pancreatitis Low vit D intake Chronic kidney disease Increased phos level Using meds (lax, loop) Mobility issues
hypocalcemia S/S “CRAMPS”
Confusion Reflexes Hyperactive Arrhythmias Muscle spasms in calves, feet, TETANY Positive Trousseaus Signs of Chvostekis
hypercalcemia causes “HIGH CAL”
Hyperparathyroidism Increased intake of calcium Glucocorticoids Hyperthyroidism Calcium excretion decreased w/ thiazide diu Adrenal insufficiencies Lithium usage (phos dec, cal increase)
hypercalcemia S/S “the body is too WEAK”
Weakness of muscle
Ekg changes
Absent reflexes, absent minded, abd disten
Kidney stone formation
calcium rich foods
yogurt, sardines, cheese, spinach, collard greens, tofu, rhubarb, milk
