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Anatomy > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a long bone.

A

Radius.

Also femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges.

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2
Q

Give an example of a short bone.

A

Tarsals (in the ankle).

Also carpals.

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3
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Scapula.

Also sternum, ribs, cranial bones.

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4
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

Patella.

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5
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone.

A

Vertebrae.

Also facial bones.

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6
Q

Give an example of a pneumatic bone (irregular and contains air filled spaces).

A

Maxilla.

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7
Q

Name the three regions of a long bone.

A

Epiphysis, (physis), metaphysis, diaphysis.

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8
Q

What is the other name for the primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A 
Primary = synchrondroses.
Secondary = symphyses.
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9
Q

What’s the difference between bipennate and unipennate muscles?

A

Unipennate muscles have fibres arranged obliquely and inserting on only one side of a tendon. Bipennate muscles have a central tendon with fibres converging on both sides like a feather.

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10
Q

What are the canals at the centre of osteons called? What are the transverse canals called?

A 
Longitudinal = Haversian
Transverse = Volkmann's
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11
Q

List the layers of connective tissue surrounding muscle.

A

Epimysium - dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle belly
Perimysium - surrounds fascicles (groups of 10-100 muscle fibres)
Endomysium - surrounds sarcolemma of a muscle fibre
Sarcolemma - muscle cell membrane

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12
Q

What are T tubules?

A

Invagination a of the sarcolemma which carry the membrane depolarisation signal into the muscle cell for the excitation-contraction coupling.

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13
Q

What are three effects of hypercalcaemia?

A

Stones - renal stones causing colicky pain
Bones - bone pain from calcium resorption
Abdominal groans - abdominal pain from stones, pancreatitis and peptic ulcers

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14
Q

What are the five parts of a long bone?

A

Proximal epiphysis, physis, metaphysis, diaphysis [the shaft], (then distal metaphysis, distal physis, distal epiphysis).
There is also articular cartilage on the epiphysis, which reduces friction and absorbs shock.

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15
Q

What is the connective tissue called that surrounds the bone where it’s not covered by articular cartilage?

A

Periosteum.

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16
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

Inner osteogenic layer of cells which allows bone to increase in width.

17
Q

What are the thick bundles of collagen extending from the periosteum into the bone matrix called?

A

Sharpey’s fibres.

18
Q

What is the advantage of the medullary cavity in the diaphysis which contains yellow bone marrow?

A

It minimises bone weight, but the tubular structure maximises bone strength.

19
Q

What lines the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

20
Q

Bone is comprised of cells in an extracelluar matrix, what are the two parts of the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres and ground substance.

21
Q

What proportion of the bone extracellular matrix is organic and what is it comprised of?

A

40% - Type 1 collagen fibres and other non-collagenous proteins

22
Q

What proportion of the bone extracellular matrix is non-organic and what is it comprised of?

A

60% - hydroxyapatite (calcium, phosphate, other minerals)

23
Q

What makes bone hard?

A

The crystallised organic mineral salts.

24
Q

What makes bone flexible?

A

Type 1 collagen fibres provide tensile strength.

25
Q

What are the four types of cells present in bone?

A

Osteogenic cells - bone stem cells derived from mesoderm, found in endosteum and inner periosteum
Osteoblasts - build bone, synthesise and secrete calcium and initiate calcification, form osteocytes when trapped in ECM
Osteocytes - mature bone cells in lacunae of osteons, maintain bone metabolism, projections extend to surface osteoblasts through cannaliculi.
Osteoclasts - derived from fused monocytes, large and multinucleate with ruffled border.

26
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Spongy/trabecular/cancellous bone.

Compact bone.

27
Q

What are osteons?

A

Rings of concentric lamellae surrounding a central Haversian canal (containing blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves). There are lacunae between the lamellae which contain osteocytes, and cannaliculi allowing lacunae to communicate with neighbouring osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

28
Q

What are the transverse canals across the compact bone called?

A

Volkmann’s canals.

29
Q

What are the remains of osteons that have been partially destroyed by bone remodelling called?

A

Interstitial lamellae.

30
Q

Why are trabecular aligned along lines of stress?

A

They are organised for maximum resistance to compression.

31
Q

What are the characteristics of spongy bone?

A

It doesn’t contain osteons.
It is always inside bones, protected by compact bone.
It contains lamellae irregularly arraigned as trabeculae.
Each trabeculae is concentric lamellae, with cannaliculi radiating from each lacunae.

32
Q

What fills the spaces between trabeculae in cancellous bone?

A

Red/yellow bone marrow.

33
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A

1) Ball and socket - triaxial e.g shoulder and hip joint
2) Plane - biaxial/triaxial e.g intercarpal joints in wrist
3) Saddle - biaxial e.g carpometacarpal joint in thumb
4) Pivot - uniaxial (rotation around longitudinal axis) e.g between Atlas and Dens
5) Hinge - uniaxial (only flexion and extension) e.g knee
6) Condyloid - biaxial e.g radiocarpal joint in wrist

34
Q

What type of muscle is orbicularis oculis?

A

Circular

35
Q

What type of muscle has an origin wider than the point of insertion (e.g pectoralis major)?

A

Convergent

36
Q

What are the two types of parallel muscle?

A

Fusiform - muscle belly wider than its origin or insertion e.g biceps brachii
Non-fusiform - muscle belly not wider so not spindle shaped e.g rectus abdominis

37
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate - fibres insert in a diagonal direction onto only one side of the tendon e.g extensor digitorum
Bipennate - a row of muscle fibres insert diagonally onto each side of the central tendon like a feather e.g rectus femoris
Multipennate - central tendon branches into two or more tendons so there are multiple rows of diagonal fibres

Anatomy (16 decks)

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