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LSFC Grade 9 > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system

A

It is a combination of muscle and skeletal system.

Muscles cause movement in the body this is LOCOMOTION

Skelton protects our organs and provides support and gives body shape

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscles

A
  1. Cardiac muscles (in the heart)
  2. Voluntary muscles/skeletal muscles - attached to bones
  3. Involuntary muscles/smooth muscles - not attached to bones
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3
Q

What is purpose of Muscles

A

Allow us to move because they CONTRACT AND RELAX

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4
Q

Human body (muscle) - Name all the muscles

A
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5
Q

What is cartilage and its purpose

A

Rubbery tissue found at end of a bone and also found in the nose and the ear
That holds part of skeleton together
Reduces friction between joints when bones rub

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6
Q

What is tendons

A

Join muscle to bone
Very strong
When muscle contracts pulls on tendon pulls on bone

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7
Q

How many bones human

A

206

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8
Q

Largest bone

A

Femur

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9
Q

What is structure of bones

A

Hard and stiff and have joints at end which help move the bones

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10
Q

Body bones

A
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11
Q

Main processes of musculoskeletal

A
  1. Contraction

Muscle tissue
Work getting shorter
Pulling on bones

Eg flex muscle - contract biceps and triceps relaxes

Extend arm - triceps contract and biceps relax

  1. Relaxation

Return to former state
Makes muscle longer
No longer pulls on bones

  1. Movement and locomotion

Muscles arranged in a way
One contracts
Partner relaxes
Therefore Muscles are ANTAGONISTIC (one muscle contracts, and its partner relaxes)

Causes Two bones move at joint when one is pulled

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12
Q

What happens during bicep curls

A

Bicep contracts
Tricep relax
Push in opposite directions
Contracting the elbow
And radius
Which flexes bicep
Relaxes tricep
Tricep ANTAGONISTIC to the bicep

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13
Q

What is Posture

A

Way which we hold up our bodies in the things we do:

Sit, stand, rest or move about

The way way we carry ourselves is determined how aligned our bodies are
and which muscles are involved

The better your posture, the better body is aligned

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14
Q

Problems with bad posture

A

Headaches, lower back pain
Shoulder and upper back pain

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15
Q

What else affects our posture

A

Mass of school bag affect it to
70 percent of kids may be damaging spine

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16
Q

What are the Risk factors of carrying school bag

A

10 percent of weight
One strap
One shoulder
Incorrect packed
Incorrect fitted

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17
Q

Explain the roles in movement played by all the muscles in the body (name the muscle and then describe the role (a to n) of diagram

A

Deltoids- play a role in shoulder movement back and forth 360 movement

Pectoralis - adduction (moving of arm to mid-line of body) and forward movement of arm, rotation of arm forward across the body

Biceps the main functions are flexion a supination (outward rotation) of forearm

Obliques - external obliques on either side help rotate trunk. Internal flex towards pelvis (crunches)

Abdominals - supports trunk and holds organs. Allows movement around the trunk area

Quadriceps - used for kicking running jumping walking

Trapezius - to stabilise and move the scalpula

Triceps - holds head of humerus, adduction forward extension of arm adduction

Rhomboid - retract, elevate and rotate the scapula

Latissimus Dorsi - performs actions of upper extrememity

Hamstrings - flexes knee extends thigh at hip rotates your lower leg from side too side when knee bent

Gastrocnemius & Soleus - The main plantar flexion of the ankle joint and foot movement

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18
Q

What is the movement of the body called

A

LOCOMOTION

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19
Q

What are the components of the Musculoskeletal systems

A
  1. Muscles
  2. Bones
  3. Cartilage
  4. Tendons
    5.Ligaments
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20
Q

Where are the smallest bones found

A

In the ear (only a few mm in length)

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21
Q

What does it mean that when muscles are antagonistic

A

When one muscle contracts, its partner muscle relaxes

Eg flexing bicep - bicep contracts and tricep relaxes

Relaxing arm - bicep relaxes and tricep contracts

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22
Q

What are 3 health issues of the Musculoskeletal system

A
  1. Rickets/Osteomalacia
  2. Osteoporosis
  3. Arthritis/Osteoarthritis
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23
Q

What is Arthritis

A
  1. When cartilage covering ends of bones
  2. At joints
  3. Wears away
  4. Joints swell
  5. And become very stiff and painful
  6. Bones rub and grind against each other
  7. Common in older people
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24
Q

What is rickets

A
  1. Disease in children
  2. Caused by lack
    - calcium
    - Vitamin D
    - Phosphorous
  3. Bones become
    - soft and weak
    - become bent due to weight of body on them
  4. Prevention
    - Exposure skin to sunlight = vitamin D
    - Eating
    - fish
    - dairy products
    - cereals
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25
Q

What is Osteoporosis

A
  1. As persons get older
  2. Their bones lose large amounts of
    - protein
    - calcium
  3. Bones become less dense
  4. This loss cause
    - bones become SPONGY and FRAGILE (break easily)
  5. Prevention
    - Eating foods with lots of calcium
    - Excercising regularly
    - Not smoking
    - not drinking a lot of alcohol
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26
Q

What is another name for Rickets

A

Osteomalacia

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27
Q

What is another name for Arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis

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28
Q

What are the skeletal disorders

A
  1. Posture
  2. Bunions
  3. Hammer toes
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29
Q

What are Bunions

A
  • A deformity that affects the BIG TOE
  • can be extremely painful (get shooting pain)
  • Prevention
    • not wearing tight shoes/too small BIG TOE RUBS AGAINST SHOE
    • or high heals (Victoria Beckham)
      SYMTOMS
    • Shooting pain
    • Deformed big toe
      Treatment
    • Surgery - BUNIONECTOMY
    • Not wearing tight shoes/too small or high heels
    • CORRECTIVE INSOLES (put inside shoes) ORTHOTICS
    • EXCERCISES
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30
Q

What is the surgery for bunions

A

Bunionectomy

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31
Q

What is Hammer Toes

A
  1. Caused by
    • Tight shoes that
      - Squeeze toes
      - cause abnormal balance of muscles in toe
  2. Symptoms
    - pain at top of toe (from pressure of shoe
    - formation of CORNS (calcification) at top of joins
    - redness and swelling at joint where bends
    - restricted motion of toes
    - pain in BALL of foot at the base of toe
  3. Prevention
    - wear properly fitted shoes (not too small/narrow)
    - Custom ORTHOTICS made by PODIATRIST
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32
Q

Name 3 ways in which bodies are affected by high heels

A
  1. Affects ALIGNMENT of foot
  2. Pressure distribution narrows significantly
  3. Bears down on the ball of the feet and toes
  4. It Causes
    - Bunions
    - Calluses
    - Bone spurs/corns etc
33
Q

What is posture

A

The way we involve or hold our bodies in things we do

How we stand, sit, move and rest

The way we carry ourselves determines how ALIGNED our bodies are and which MUSCLES are involved

34
Q

What are the problems associated with bad posture

A
  1. Lower back pain
  2. Upper back pain
  3. Shoulder pain
  4. Headaches
    5.pre-disposition to injuries of muscles and joints
35
Q

How do prevent bad posture

A
  1. Maintain a good balances posture
  2. Don’t carry a school bag too heavy
  3. Don’t carry a bag/weight only on one shoulder
    (Mass of school bag and the way you carry it will affect posture)
  4. This will prevent bad injuries, aches and pains
36
Q

School bags and posture

A
  1. Mass and the way carry bag will affect posture

If carry a very heavy school bag or only on one shoulder, it will affect posture
It can cause
1. Chronic back pain
2. Muscle strains
3. Distortion of natural S-curve of spine
4. Rounding of shoulders

School bags should:
1. Not weigh more than 10% of child’s weight
2. Not hold bag in your hands by straps
3. Do not carry bag over one shoulder
4. Bag should be packed correctly
5. Bag should be corrected fitted so that straps are evenly distributed on both shoulders
6. Pack heaviest items against your back
7. Adjust the shoulder straps so that bottom of the backpack is above your waist
8. When fitted correctly, the backpack should contour snugly into your back

Other suggestions
1. Store books in your school locker
2. Only take books to school that you need for class that day
3. Regularly clean out your school bag

37
Q

What is ankle sprains

A
  1. Its an injury occurs when you
    - roll
    - twist
    - turn
    Tissues/ligaments that hold ankle bones together
  2. Occurs when the ligaments are forced beyond the normal range of motion
  3. Moste ankle sprains occur to ligaments on outside of ankle
  4. Prevents excessive movement

Treatment
1. Depends on severity of ankle sprain
2. May need medical evaluation
3. Ice/heat to injured area
4. To strap

38
Q

What is Shin splints

A
  1. Its the pain along the shin bone = TIBIA (large bone in front of your lower leg).
  2. Common in:
    • Runners
    • dancers
    • military recruits
  3. It occurs
    - in athletes who have recently intensified
    - or changed their training routine
    - the increased activity overworks the
    - muscles
    - tendons
    - bone tissue/ligaments
39
Q

What is the shin bone called

A

TIBIA (large in front of your lower leg)

40
Q

What is shin splints medical term

A

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)

41
Q

What is the treatment for shin splints and prevent it from recurring

A
  1. Rest
  2. Ice
  3. Other self care message
  4. Wearing proper foot ware
  5. Modify exercise routine
42
Q

What causes shin splints

A

Repetitive stress on the
- shin bone
- and connective tissue
- that connects muscle to the bone

43
Q

What are the factors that increase your risk for shin splints (what makes you more prone to shin splints)

A
  1. Runner (especially beginners or new running program)
  2. Sudden increase
    - duration or
    - frequency or
    - intensity
    Of an excercise
  3. Run on uneven terrain (hills etc)
  4. Military training
  5. Flat feet or high arches
44
Q

Prevention of shin splints

A
  1. Analyse your movement (video analysis of your running technique to identify movement patters that contribute to shin splints)
  2. Avoid over-doing
  3. Too much running
  4. Too much other high impact activities
  5. Choose right shoes
  6. Change shoes every 560 to 800 km
  7. Arch supports (if have flat feet)
  8. Shock absorbing insoles
  9. Cross train with sport which has less impact on shins
  10. Add strength training to workout
45
Q

What is the inflammation of the bone cartilage or tendon at top of shin bone connecting to the knee cap

A

Osgood-Schlatter’s disease

46
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter’s disease

A

Is an inflammation:
- of bone cartilage or; and
- tendon
At top of shin bone/tibia

Where the tendon from kneecap (patella) attaches

Most often only one knee is affected

47
Q

Who does OSD strike most

A

Active adolescents

At beginning of their growth spurts

During approx 2 year period grow rapidly

Growth spurts
- boys 10 to 15 years
- girls 8 to 13 years

48
Q

Sports common to OSD in teens

A
  1. Sport involving running/twisting and jumping (eg netball, basketball, tennis, soccer)
49
Q

Why is OSD more prone to teenagers

A

Growth spurts make kids vulnerable

Because
- bones
- muscles
- tendons
Growing quickly
Not always at the same time

With exercise difference in
- size
- strength
Muscle groups place unusual stress on growth plate
At top of shinbone

50
Q

What is a growth plate

A

A layer of cartilage near the end of the bone

Where most bone’s growth occurs

It weaker and more vulnerable to rest of bone

51
Q

What are stress fractures

A
  1. Tiny cracks in a bone
  2. Caused by repetitive force
  3. Often from overuse
  4. Such as
    • jumping up and down
    • running long distances
  5. Also develop from normal use of bone
    - weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis
52
Q

Where stress fractures most common

A
  1. Weight bearing bones (eg lower legs and feet)
  2. Track field athletes
  3. Military recruites
  4. Both 2 and 3 carry heavy packs (their bodies) over long distances
  5. Anyone can sustain a stress-fracture if you
    • start new exercise program (eg if do too much too soon)
53
Q

How long does it take to notice stress fracture

A

At first, may barely notice pain associated with stress fracture

Tends to worsen with time

The tenderness starts specific spot
Decreases in rest
May have swelling around painful area

54
Q

What makes you more susceptible to stress fractures

A

Bones subjected to unaccustomed force without enough time for recovery
Reabsorb cells faster than your body can replace them
Makes more susceptible to stress fractures

55
Q

What are the factors that increase your risk of stress fractures

A
  1. Certain sports - high-impact sports (eg basketball, tennis, track & field and dance)
  2. Increased activity
  3. Sex (especially women who have abnormal/absent menstrual period)
  4. Foot problems (flat feet or high arches). Worn footwear contributes to stress fractures
  5. Weakened bones eg osteoporosis make it easier for stress fractures
  6. Previous stress fractures
  7. Lack of nutrients (eating disorders, lack of vitamin D and calcium can make bones more susceptible to stres fractures)
56
Q

How to prevent stress fractures

A
  1. Make changes slowly (start new exercise programmes slowly)
  2. Use proper footwear
  3. Cross train (with low impact activities)
  4. Proper nutrition (vitamin D and calcium to make bones strong)
57
Q

What are bone fractures

A
  1. Broken bones
  2. Typically caused by
    - sports injuries
    - accidents/falls
  3. Painful injuries take time to heal
  4. Need medical intervention/treatment
58
Q

What are the 5 categories of bone fractures

A
  1. Closed or open fractures
  2. Complete fractures
  3. Displaced fractures
  4. Partial fractures
  5. Stress fractures
59
Q

What is a closed or open fracture

A
  1. It doesn’t break open the skin = closed
  2. If breaks open skin = open/compound
60
Q

What’s another name for open fracture

A

Compound fracture

61
Q

What is a complete fracture

A

The break goes completely through the bone

Separating it in two

62
Q

What is a displaced fracture

A

A gap forms where the bone breaks

This often requires surgery to fix

63
Q

What is a partial fracture

A

Break doesn’t go all the way through the bone

64
Q

What is a stress fracture

A

The bone gets a crack in it (which is sometimes difficult to find with imaging or xrays

65
Q

What are the terms used by doctors to describe partial, complete, open and closed fractures

A
  1. Avulsion - tendon/ligament pulls part of bone off
  2. Comminuted - bone shatters into several different pieces
  3. Compression - bone gets crushed or flattened
  4. Impacted - bones get driven together
  5. Oblique - break goes diagonally across
  6. Spiral - fracture spirals around the bone
  7. Transverse - break goes in a straight line across the bone
66
Q

What are the causes of bone fractures

A
  1. Bone runs into a stronger force (eg thrown forward in car crash)
  2. Repetitive forces (eg running)
  3. Osteoporosis (weakens bones as you age)
67
Q

What are dislocations

A

When the bones of a joint are knocked out of place

Can be partially or fully dislocated

68
Q

What is the partial dislocation of a joint called

A

Subluxation

69
Q

What are causes of dislocations

A
  1. Trauma (car accident or fall)
  2. Weakening of muscles or tendons
  3. Contact sports eg football
70
Q

What are the treatment of disclocations

A
  1. Medication
    2 Manipulation
  2. Rest
  3. Surgery
71
Q

Dislocation symptoms

A
  1. Very painful
  2. Can cause affected area to be unsteady or immobile
  3. Can strain or tear the surrounding muscles, nerves or tendons

Seek medical treatment

72
Q

Where are dislocations very common

A

Most often Affects these joints

  1. Finger
  2. Shoulder
  3. Knee
  4. Elbow
  5. Hip
    6, Jaw
73
Q

What is treatment for dislocations

A
  1. Apply ice and keep joint elevated while wait for doctor
  2. Medication (to reduce pain)
  3. Manipulation (doctor returns bone to its proper place)
  4. Rest (after bone put back in place)
  5. Rehabilitation (physical therapy exercises to strengthen muscles and ligaments around joint)
    6 Surgery if
    • manipulation doesn’t work
    • dislocation damaged:
      A) blood vessels or nerves
      B) bones, tore muscles or ligaments that need repair
74
Q

What is a common sporting injury that affect the knee joint

A

Chondromalacia patellae

Affects the muscles that help to hold the kneecap in proper position when leg is straightened

Injury causes
- a loss of strength in muscle contraction or
- loss in the bulk of the muscle

Person feels pain:
- after or during exercise
- sitting for long period of time with knee bent
- going up or down stairs

75
Q

Bones description

A

They hard and stiff
Joints at the end of bones help them move (tendons/ligaments pull on the bones and they move)

76
Q

What are ligaments

A

Joins a bone to bone

Very elastic so when bones move, the ligaments can stretch without tearing

77
Q

Name a to g of diagram

A

A - muscle
B - bursa
C - tendon
D - cartilage
E- Synovium
F - Ligament
G- bone

78
Q

Name the bones
A to V

A

A - cranium
B - mandible
C - scapula
D - Sternum
E - ribs
F - pelvis
G - carpals
H - phalanges
I - patella
J - tarsals
K - phalanges
L - maxilla
M - clavicle
N - humerus
O - vertebral column
P - radius
Q - ulna
R- metacarpals
S - femur
T - tibia
U - Fibula
V - metatarsals

79
Q

What are people called who do orthotics to foot

A

Podiatrists

LSFC Grade 9 (6 decks)

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