Digestive System Flashcards
What is the purpose of the digestive system
- Breakdown food into substances called NUTRIENTS
- That will DISSOLVE in H20
- Only when dissolved in H20 can food be ABSORBED
- Into the BLOOD
- And carried to CELLS where it is used
Label 1 to 27 of the attached Digestive System Diagram
1.Salivary glands:
2.Parotid
3. Submandibular
4.Sublingual
5.Esophagus
6.Stomach
7. Pancreas
8. Pancreas duct
9. Small Intestine:
10. Duedenum
11. Jejunum
12. Ileum
13. Anus
14 Rectum
15. Appendix
16 Cecum
20 Colon:
19 Transverse colon
18. Ascending colon
17 Descending colon
21 Common bile duct
22. Gall bladder
23. Liver
24. Tongue
25. Uvula
26. Oral cavity
27 Pharynx (throat)
What are the main components (the Alimentary Canal) of the Digestive System
- Mouth
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine (duodenum, Jejunum, ileum)
- Large intestine (Cecum, colon, rectum)
- Anus
What are the small intestine components
- Duodenum (bottom of stomach entry into small intestine)
- Jejunum (middle of small intestine)
- ileum (bottom of small intestine)
What the components of the Large intestine
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
What are the ACCESSORY ORGANS in the Digestive system
- Tongue
- Teeth
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Pancreas
- Appendix
What are 5 the Processes of the Digestive System
- Ingestion
- Digestion
3.Absorption - Secretion
- Egestion
What is Ingestion
The process of taking in food
Into the body through the mouth
What is the process of Digestion
In the stomach and Intestine
Chemicals called ENZYMES
Turn food into SOLUBLE food molecules (dissolve in H20)
That can be carried in the BLOOD STREAM
To the CELLS
What is Absorption
Movement of digested, soluble food molecules
Through the wall of the digestive system
INTO the blood
What is Secretion
When the body releases
Useful products
Such as enzymes
To assist in digestion
What is Egestion
The passing out of food
That is not digested in form of faeces
Define NUTRITION
The PROCESS by which LIVING ORGANISMS
TAKE in food
And USE it for:
- Energy
- Growth and
- Repair
Why doe we need nutrients
For
1. Growth
2. Energy
3. health
4. Repair and replacement of worn and damaged tissue
What are the basic nutrients
- Proteins
- Carbs
- Fats
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
- Fibre
What is the function of Protein and source
Building blocks for growth and repair
Source - meat, fish, eggs, beans, dairy products
What is the function of carbohydrates
Source of instant energy
Source:
1.Sugar
2. starch foods (potatoes, rice, maize meal, bread, pastas)
3. Certain fruit & veg
What is the function of fats and source
Reserve source of energy
Insulation
Protective package around organs
Source:
Oils, nuts, butter, certain meat and dairy products
What is the function of vitamins
Ensures normal growth and development
Keeps body healthy
Helps fight infections
Source:
Fresh fruit & veg
Dairy products
Whole wheat
Meat
Fish
Eggs
What is the function of minerals and Source
Ensures normal growth and development
IRON is is good for the blood
CALCIUM for bones and teeth
MAGNESIUM for nerves
Sources
Meat and eggs
Fruit and veg
Dairy products
What is the function and source of water
Makes up most of the body
Supplies fluid medium
In which chemical processes take place
Source
Drinking water
Fruit
Drink
Food
What is function of fibre and source
Forms bulk of faeces
Prevents constipation
Prevents certain types of cancer
Source:
Cereals
Bread
Fruit & veg
What is digestion
Breaking down of
organic food compounds
To their simplest form
What are the 2 types of digestion
- Mechanical (think of teeth)
Special organs
-chew
-tear
-stir
-push
-mix
- grind
Food (physicsal breakdown)
- Chemical digestion
Ground food is broken down further
By special chemicals called digestive ENZYMES (stomach & intestines)
The human digestive system consists of 2 main groups of organs
- ALIMENTARY CANAL
- mouth
- oseophogus
- stomach
- small intestine (duodenum, Jejunum, ileum
- large intestine (colon, Cecum, and rectum)
- anus
- ACCESSORY ORGANS
- Teeth
- tongue
- salaivary glands
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
What is the purpose of the mouth lips
Prevent food from falling from mouth
The mouth also has teeth. Name the types of teeth
- Incisor - cutting food
- Canine - for tearing food
- Premolars - crushing and grinding food
- Molars - crushing and grinding food
What is the tongue
It is a muscular organ
With the back end attached to the
Floor of the mouth
What are the functions of the tongue
1.Taste buds - so it is the taste organ
2. helps with chewing
3. Rolls food into a bolus
4. Assists in swallowing
5. Helps with speech (not a digestive function)
What is the purpose of the salivary glands
Secrete saliva
Through ducts
In the mouth cavity
What is the length of Oesophagus
Approx 25cm
Where is the oesophagus
Stretches from the pharynx
To the stomach
Behind the trachea
What is the function of the oesophagus
- Ensures food and liquids reach the stomach
Made possible by INVOLUNTARY wave like muscular contractions called PERISTALSIS
What is Peristalsis
the involuntary wave-like contractions
Of the Oesophagus
To ensure food and liquids reach the stomach
Where is the stomach
Found in the abdominal cavity
Under the diaphragm
Describe the stomach
Its a bag-like organ
With thick muscular walls
Circular muscles that serve as valves - open and close when necessary
Food remains in the stomach for 3 hours before being changed into CHYME (grey coloured liquid mass of food)
How long does food remain in the stomach before the food changes into what substance
For 3 hours
Before the food changes into CHYME (grey colored liquid mass of food)
What are the functions stomach
- Temporarily STORE the food
- PERISTALTIC movements grind the the food even finer
- Glands in the walls of the stomach secret GASTRIC JUICES which contains ENZYMES that break down food
- Certain foods are ABSORBED here and move to the BLOOD STREAM
What is the small intestine
Elastic, muscular tube of approx 5 to 6 metres in length
How long is the small intestine
5 to 6 m
The functions of the small intestine
- Glands in the wall of small intestine
Secrete INTESTINAL JUICES which contain ENZYMES that break down the food
- ABSORBTION of digested food takes place here
- VILLI (finger-like protusions) enhance ABSORBTION
- increasing the inner surface
-retarding the speed of move movement of digested food - Ensure that dissolved food comes in close contact with blood vessels
- increasing the inner surface
What is the length of the large intestine
1.5m length and 70mm in diameter
What are 3 parts/section of the large intestine
- Caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
What is the Cecum
Part where the small intestine joins onto the large intestine
The appendix is found at the lower end
Describe the colon part of the large intestine
The largest of the large intestine
- stretches upwards
- across a
- and downwards
In the abdominal cavity
Describe the rectum in the large intestine
The last region of the large intestine
Faeces is stored here before it is EGESTED out of the anus
What is the opening to the outside of the intestine called
The anus
What’s are the functions of the large intestine
- Undigested food temporarily stored here before being egested/defaecated
- Excess water, mineral salts and certain vitamins are absorbed
- Glands in the walls secrete MUCOUS to assist MOVEMENT OF FAECES
Label 1 to 5 of the diagram of this section of the digestive system
- Esophogus
- Diaphragm
- lower esophogral sphincter
- Stomach
- Duodenum
Label 1 to 8 of the large intestine diagram
- Appendix/Appendicits
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon(part of the colon in large intestine that is closed to the rectum)
- Rectum
- Anus
Label A to K of Digestive System diagram
A. Oral Cavity
B. Saliva gland (sublingual)
C. Esophogus
D. Liver
E. Stomach
F. Pancreas
G. Small intestine
H. Large intestine
I. Rectum
J. Anus
K. Appendix/Appendicits
What are the health issues of the Digestive systems
- Abuse of alcohol
- Malnutrition
- Dietary diseases
Explain of abuse of alcohol is a health issue to the digestive system
Alocohol taken in EXCESS is poisonous
May damage LIVER and PANCREAS
Which leads to poor digestion
If alcohol taken frequequently it leads to ALCHOLISM
The victim is called ALCOHOLIC
What is an Alcoholic and why is it disease
A victim
Becomes dependent and
Addicted to
Alcohol
Leads to a disease called ALCOHOLISM
What impact does abuse of alchohol on body
Excess alcholol = poisonous to body
May damage
-PANCREAS
-LIVER
Leads to POOR DIGESTION
What does malnutrition mean
INCORRECT nutrition
What are the 2 types of nutrition
- Undernutrition
- Overnutrition
What is undernutrition
Not enough of 1/more ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS are taken in
Caused by
- poverty
- traditional eating habits
- excessive strict diets
- pure ignorance
What is overnutrition
To much ENERGY FOOD is taken into the body
May lead to OBESITY
What are health issues to the digestive system
Abuse of Alcohol
Malnutrition
What are the Dietary diseases
- Kwashiorkor (bloated belly)
- Marasmus (muscle wasting away)
- Anorexia Nervosa (starve yourself)
- Bulimia (binge and purge)
- Obesity (BMI increase)
What are the symptoms of Kwashiokor dietary disease
- Bloated belly
- Blubbery cheeks
- Skin cracks
- Skin becomes scaly
What are the causes of Kwashiokor dietary disease
Too little PROTEIN in diet
What are symptoms of Marasmus dietary disease
Wasting away of MUSCLES
Body becomes thin and weak
What are the causes of Marasmus dietary disease
Diet LOW IN KILOJOULES and PROTEINS
General starvation
What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa disease
Loss of weight
Women may become INFERTILE
What are the causes of Anorexia Nervosa disease
Physiological condition
When people refuse to eat
What are the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
Loss of weight
Throat problems
Binge and purge (vomit)
What are the causes of Bulimia Nervosa
Psychological conditions
When person BINGES (eats large quantities of food) and PURGES (vomits/laxatives)
What are the 2 ways to purge with Bulimia
Vomit
Take laxatives
What are the symptoms of Obesity dietary symptoms
BMI increase (body mass increase)
Build up of fat (cholesterol) in blood vessels
Leads
- to high blood pressure
- shortage of breath
- heart problems
What are the causes of Obesity
Eating too much ENERGY food
Label A to K of the diagram of the Digestive System
A - oral cavity
B - salivary glands
C - Oesophagus
D - Liver
E - Stomach
F - Pancreas
G - small intestine
H - large intestine
I - rectum
J - Anus
K - Appendix
What is the purpose of the Excretory System
Metabolic processes = formation of waste products
if not removed, waste products can disturb chemical balance in the body
EXCRETION = removal of metabolic wast products
MOST NB Excretory organs in human body
- kidneys
- lungs
- skin
What is Excretion
The removal of
Metabolic waste products
What are the most NB Excretory organs in humans
Lungs
Skin
Kidneys
What are the lungs function in human excretion
Remove CO2 and water vapour
From body
What is the skin organ function in excretion
Removes
Excess
H20
Salt
Other substances
Excess heat
What is the function of the kidney organs in the human body
Removes
Many different harmful substances (eg urea)
Describe the process of excretion from the lungs
Cellular respiration =
- Use O2
- breakdown glucose (food) C6H12O6
- to release main product of ENERGY (in the form of ATP)
- & release by-products CO2 and H2O
O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose) = Main product energy ATP and by-products CO2 and H20
THE CO2 AND H2O (as water vapor) IS EXCRETED FROM THE LUNGS when EXHALE
SUMMARY
-during cellular respiration:
The lungs exchange CO2 for O2 and
- then excrete the CO2 & H20 (water vapor) by the lungs exhaling
-CO2 is a waste product produced during the process of breaking down of food (which releases energy)
Why is CO2 dangerous
Its odourless & colourless gas
But if there is too much CO2 in body
= CO2 poisoining
What is the process of excretion by the skin
Skin covers whole body
And is an excretory organ
It excretes (sweat)
- Water
- urea
- Mineral salts
- & radiates HEAT (which is a product of cellular respiration)
How does the human skin perform the function of excretion
Skin has SWEAT GLANDS
Perform function of excretion
What are sweat glands in the skin
Perform function of excretion
Description:
- Long tubular glands coiled at the ends
- located in DERMIS of the skin
What do the Sweat glands do in the skin
Produce a water fluid called SWEAT
Which consists of:
- 98% H20
-2% of
- urea
- sodium chloride (salt)
- potassium chloride
- glucose
The sweat is excreted through PORES in the surface of the skin
Describe the excretion process of kidneys
Proteins we eat contain 20% nitrogen
Person who eats 100g protein, will excrete 17g of nitrogen daily in the form of UREA
The major excretory product from protein is UREA
Urea is:
- made in the LIVER
- transported via the BLOOD
- to the KIDNEY
- to be EXCRETED in the URINE
What is the major excretory product of protein
Urea
Where is Urea made
In the LIVER
How is urea excreted
- urea is major excretory product of protein
- which is made in the liver
- urea is transported via BLOOD
- to the KIDNEY
- to be EXRETED as URINE
Describe the kidneys
2 reddish brown
Bean-shaped kidneys
Situated either side of the VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Protected by 11th & 12 floating RIBS of the rib cage
The right kidney is LOWER than left kidney (because position and space that liver occupies)
Each kidney
-10cm long
- 6cm wide
-4cm thick
-weight of 200-250g in adults
How do the kidneys function
They function as a PAIR OF FILTERS
Through wich amount 1 litre of blood circulates per minute
The entire blood in body passes through kidneys in 5-6 minutes
In one day kidneys filter 1800 litres of blood
Each kidney contains approx 1.2 million microscopic filter called NEPHRONS
What are the 1.2 million microscopic filters in the kidneys called
NEPHRONS
How much blood passes through kidneys in 1 minute
1 litre of blood
How long does it take for all the blood to pass through the kidneys
5 - 6 minutes (as there is 5 to 6 litres of blood passes thru body)
What is the main functions of the kidneys
- Vital role in EXCRETION of WASTE PRODUCTS in the form of URINE
- Control amount of H2O in blood and tissue fluid through OSMOREGULATION
- Control amount of CONCENTRATION of MINERAL SALTS in blood and tissue fluid
What are the main components of the EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
- Renal Vein -
- Renal Artery
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Sphincter
- Adrenal glands
What does the renal vein do
Carries CLEANED BLOOD
AWAY front the KIDNEY
What does the renal artery do
Brings “dirty” (contains wastes) blood
TO the KIDNEYS
What is the main function of the kidney
Filters harmful wastes (such as urea)
From the blood
And forms URINE
Each kidney is approx size of fist and bean-shaped
What does ureter do
Thin tubes
That carries urine from KIDNEYS to BLADDER
What does bladder to
Is a balloon like organ
That STORES URINE TEMPORARILY
Until URINATION
What does Urethra do
Its a TUBE that DRAINS urine from bladder
What does Sphincter
Is a ring of muscle
CONTROLS the RELEASE of URINE from the bladder
What are adrenal glands
Situated on top of each kidney
PRODUCE HORMONES
That help the body CONTROL
-blood sugar
-burn protein & fate
- react to stressors like major illnesses or injuries
- regulate blood pressure
Label the 8 main components of the kidney diagram below
- Renal vein
- Renal artery
- Kidney
- Adrenal gland
- Ureter
- Bladder
- urethra
- Sphincter
What is the internal structure of the kidney. Name and list functions
What is the function of 1.2 million nephrons embedded within each kidney
Each nephron functions as independent unit
They are microscopic filters
Produces a small amount of urine
Label 1 to 8 of kidney diagram below
- Kidney
- Blood
- Urine
- Nephron
- Blood with waste - carried by renal artery
- Blood without waste - carried by renal vein
- Ureter
- Urine
Label 1 to 8 of the internal structure of kidney
- Minor Calyx
- Renal Papilla
- Renal Pyramid
- Major Calyx
- Renal Cortex
- Renal medulla
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Renal capsule
Label external structure of kidney diagram
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
What are the processes taking place in the kidneys
- Filtration
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Osmoregulation
Explain the filtration process of the kidney
Blood pumped into the kidneys
Where
-glucose
-H2O
-sodium
-toxins
Are FILTERED to REMOVE harmful matter
From the bloodstream
Explain the absorption process of the kidneys
Then (after filtration)
- glucose
- some of Na
- some of H2O
Is REABSORBED back into blood
To be used by body
Explain the SECRETION process of the kidneys
The movement of additional WASTE PRODUCTS & H2O
Needs to be EXCRETED in the URINE
So these are SECRETED out of the blood
Back into the NEPHRON
= SECRETION
Explain the EXCRETION process of the kidneys
Finally UREA is SECRETED
Into the HOLDING AREA of
COLLECTING DUCTS
& then SECRETED OUT
Of the body as URINE
= EXCRETION
How does Osmoregulation take place
When you drink lots of water/drinks that contain a lot of H2O
You want to pass MORE URINE
This is because the KIDNEYS are getting rid of EXCESS WATER
URINE COLOR = PALE YELLOW because excess H2O dilutes it
If SWEAT MORE/DRINK LESS H20 = LESS H2O to pass thru the urine
Body short of H2O
= pass LESS URINE
Therefore KIDNEYS HAVE RE-ABSORBED H2O
To keep CONCENTRAITON IN BLOOD NORMAL
Color of urine = DARK YELLOW because its CONCENTRATED
Name the health issues of kidneys
- Kidney failure
- Bladder infection (Cystitis)
- Kidney stones
What’s the name for bladder infection
Cystitis
What is kidney failure
Is the loss of kidney’s ability to remove wastes from blood
Harmful wastes build up in your body
Blood pressure may rise
Retain excess fluid
TREATMENT
- Dialysis (using machine that filters blood)
- kidney transplant
What is Bladder Infection (cystitis)
Caused by bacteria and other micro-organisms
More common in women as their URETHRA IS SHORTER and CLOSER to the ANUS & VAGINA
Making it easier for BACTERIA to enter urinary tract
Causes INFLAMMATION of the BLADDER
SYMPTOMS
- pain while urinating
- unpleasant SMELLING, CLOUDY urine
- BURNING SENSATION when urinating
TREATMENT
- Can be treated using ANTIBIOTICS
What is Kidney stones
Hard crystals of Calcium & Salts
Form in kidneys
& clump together forming Kidney stones
Can block tubules in the URETER causing TERRIBLE PAIN
How do the crystals form in Kidney Stones
Hard Crystals of Ca & salts form in kidneys
When there is TOO MUCH WASTE & TOO LITTLE LIQUID in the URINE
What is the treatment for kidney stones
Most pass out of body on their own without treatment
But others may have to be removed SURGICALLY REMOVED
What diseases can your URINE show
- Diabetes - if urine contains glucose may indicate diabetes
- Kidney or bladder disease - urine contains BLOOD or PROTEIN may indicate
- Diuresis - ABUSE OF ALCOHOL may lead to slow down in rate of H2O ABSORPTION in the KIDNEYS - patient has to make good the loss of water by drinking lots of water - if not body will become DEHYDRATED
- Kidney poisoning - caused by INTAKE OF POISONOUS SUBSTANCES like volatile fumes in synthetic glues and insecticides
- Brain damage caused by glue sniffing - synthetic glues contain volatile solvents which release poisonous fumes - if fumes inhaled enter BLOODSTREAM in the LUNGS & carried to the BRAIN - fumes DEPRESS the function of the brain eg breathing - less O2 is inhaled - a shortage can lead to DEATH
What is the condition that is the slow down in rate of water absorption of the kidneys called
Diuresis
Label the kidney diagram
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Kidney stones
- Clayceal stone
- Renal pelvic stone
- Upper ureteral stone
How many kidneys do you have
2
Name the two substances that are excreted from the body by the kidneys
- urea (urine)
- H2O
Name the regions of the inside of the kidney
1.Renal capsule
2. Renal cortex
3. Renal medulla
4. Renal pelvis
Why is faeces considered not to be excretion
Faeces (ie not urine) did not go through the metabolic system.
It is not a product of METABOLISM (faeces is leftover of foods that is not digested )
It is NOT A metabolic waste
And is therefore NOT EXCRETED
But is EGESTED
Why could your urine be pale yellow or dark yellow
Pale yellow = drank a lot of water - pass more urine (as kidneys are getting rid of excess H2O) - urine pale yellow as excess H20 dilutes its - could happen cold days (don’t drink as much)
Dark yellow - when sweat more (eg hot day) or drink less H2O - pass urine less often - KIDNEYS HAVE REABSORBED H2O as short of H2O & to keep CONCENTRATION in BLOOD normal - DARK YELLOW because its CONCENTRATED - could be on HOT DAYS
Explain how blood gets FILTERED by kidneys
Blood CONTAINING WASTES enters the kidney through RENAL ARTERIES
its FILTERED through renal PYRAMIDS in the kidneys
Where NEPHRONS extract EXCESS
-CHEMICALS (urea),
-Salts
-Minerals
Is EXCRETED as URINE through the URETER to the BLADDER where is stored temporarily before URINATION
The CLEANSED BLOOD then leaves the kidneys
Through the RENAL VEIN
Use what you have learned thru OSMOREGULATION to explain why dehydration and diarrhoea can lead to death if not treated
The kidneys controls the amount of H2O in the blood and tissues through OSMOREGULATION
Diarrhoea makes you lose a lot of water through the Egestion of faeces. Dehydration is the lack of water in the body.
Without H2O, cells cannot function properly
Then you can die if not treated
What is the smooth semi-transparent membrane that adheres tightly to the outer surface of the kidney
Renal capsule
What are the 2 primary functions of the urinary system
- To filtrate the blood & tissues
- To regulate H2O levels
What structure allows urine to move from kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureter
What gives renal pyramids their striped appearance
The nephron tubules
What is the cavity within the kidney which is continuous with the ureter
The Renal Pelvis
