Human Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of Human Reproductive System
A
• PRODUCES SEX CELLS
• To MAKE NEW INDIVIDUALS
• Of SAME KIND
• For the CONTINUATION of the SPECIES
2
Q
Another name for sex cells
A
Gametes
3
Q
Definition of gametes
A
• FATHER & MOTHER
• Have SEX ORGANS
• Which PRODUCE
• SEX CELLS/GAMETES
4
Q
What does Unisexual mean
A
• Each SEX/GENDER
• Has its own different
• REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
5
Q
What’s the 2 type of reproduction
A
Asexual and sexual
6
Q
What does Asexual mean
A
o one parent
o Eg plants (pollen – male), (ovary – female)
7
Q
What does Sexual mean
A
o 2 parents – male and female
Eg animals
8
Q
What is Semen
A
• Sperm together mixed with fluid secreted by the glands along vas deferans/sperm ducts which forms semen
9
Q
What is a Penis and its function
A
• A special TISSUE
• That fills with blood
*. When ERECT
10
Q
What is the Scrotum and its function
A
• SAC-LIKE STRUCTURE
• FUNCTION: Holds 2 TESTES
• OUTISIDE THE BODY
11
Q
What is the testes and its function
A
• Are held in scrotum
• 2 FUNCTIONS: produce male gametes and testosterone
12
Q
What is the Urethra and its function
A
• Males - tube/channel from BLADDER into PENIS to exterior
* FEMALES - tube/channel from bladder into vagina to exterior
• FUNCTION: Carries semen or urine (males) and urine (females)
13
Q
What is the Epididymis
A
- cap/top layer on testes
• STORES SPERM
• UNTIL ITS MATURE
14
Q
What is the vagina
A
• Is the PASSAGE which leads FROM UTERUS to the EXTERIOR
• Has MUSCULAR WALLS
• STRETCH during CHILDBIRTH
•
15
Q
What is another name for Uterus
A
The Womb
16
Q
What is the uterus
A
• PEAR SHAPED structure
• Where BABY DEVELOPS
• During PREGNANCY
• Has MUSCULAR WALLS
• And a LAYER OF SPONGY TISSUE
• That LINES the INNER WALL of the uterus
• The LINING OF THE UTERUS is well supplied with BLOOD VESSELS
17
Q
What is function of uterus
A
o To ALLOW IMPLANTATION of FERTILIZED EGG/OVA
o HOLD FOETUS during GESTATIONAL (PREGNANCY) PERIOD
18
Q
What is function of vagina
A
o receives MALE SPERM which is transferred from PENIS during SEXUAL INTERCOURSE/COPULATION
o Passage for MENSTRUATION/URINE to go to EXTERIOR
* Passage baby exits mother during natural child birth
19
Q
What is the function of Urethra
A
FUNCTION: Carries semen or urine
20
Q
What is function of Scrotum
A
Holds 2 TESTES
21
Q
What is another name for Fallopian tubes
A
Oviducts
22
Q
What is function of testes
A
To produce male gametes and testosterone
23
Q
What are the fallopian tubes
A
• 2 fallopian tubes
• Attach to UTERUS
• And EACH attach to a OVARY
24
Q
What is function of fallopian tubes
A
o TRANSPORTS the eggs (OVA) from the FEMALE OVARY travel along tubes TO THE UTERUS
o FERTILISATION HAPPENS IN TUBES
25
What are the Ovaries
• The FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS that release ovum every month
• They INSIDE the body
• SITUATED in the lower part of the
• ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• The ovaries are each situated on either side of the UTERUS
26
What is the function of the 2 ovaries
• produce the FEMAL GAMETES (sex cells)
• AFTER PUBERTY:
o usually ONE OVUM is released from one of the 2 OVARIES every month (menstruation)
o The RELEASED OVUM is COLLECTED by the OVIDUCT/FALLOPIAN TUBE which TRANSPORTS/CONVEYS it TO the UTERUS
27
What is one female sex cell called
ovum
28
What is more than one female sex cell called
Ova
29
What are the Ova
• FEMALE GAMETES/SEX CELLS
• If OVUM is FERTILISED = REMAINS in UTERUS
• If OVUM is UNFERTILISED = the OVUM & LINING (of uterus) which breaks down = FLOWS OUT VAGINA to the EXTERIOR = MENSTRUATION
30
What is function of OVA
• To be fertilised in fallopian tube
*. Grows int a foetus in the uterus
• If OVUM is UNFERTILISED = the OVUM & LINING (of uterus) which breaks down = FLOWS OUT VAGINA to the EXTERIOR = MENSTRUATION
31
What is menstruation
• The MONTHLY FLOW of
• BLOOD containing
o Unfertilised ovum
o LINING OF uterus
• STARTS WHEN GIRL 10 TO 15 YEARS
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE – USUALLY OF 28 TO 30 DAY CYCLE
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS A WAY IN WHICH FEMALE BODY
o PREPARES TO PROTECT AND FEED
o DEVELOPING BABY
• SEE PAGE 10 FOR 4 STAGES AND DIAGRAM OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
32
What is ovulation
• In FEMALES
• EGGS are PRODUCED in the OVARIES
• And ONE is RELEASED
• Into FALLOPIAN TUBE
• EACH MONTH
33
What day of menstruation cycle does ovulation usually take place
Usually day 14 (half way through menstruation cycle)
34
What is copulation
• SEXUAL INTERCOURSE or the SEX ACT
• An EGG is ONLY FERTILISED in the OVIDUCTS
• So the MALE CELLS (SPERM)
• Need to be PLACED INSIDE FEMALE PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
35
What is fertilisation
• The PROCESS when
• A MALE SEX GAMETE (THE SPERM)
• JOINS
• A FEMALE SEX GAMETE (OVUM/EGG)
• To FORM
• A NEW ZYGOTE (CELL)
• With CHARACTERISTICS
36
Label A to E
A = oviduct/fallopian tube
B = ovary
C = uterus
D= cervix
E = vagina
37
Label A to G
A = oviduct/fallopian tube
B = ovary
C = uterus
D = bladder
E = cervix
F = vagina
G = urethra
38
Label E to H
E = urethra
F = prostrate gland
G = vas deferens / sperm ducts
H = Testes
39
Label A to D
A = fallopian tube/oviduct
B = ovary
C = uterus
D = cervix
40
What is the method called in the attached picture
Tubectomy/Tubal Ligation
41
What method is being done in picture
Vasectomy (vas deferens is ties and cut)
42
What type of contraception is in picture
IUD = intrauterine device (the loop)
43
Describe what happens at the 4 stages of the menstruation cycle in the diagram
1. Day 1 to 5 = uterine lining breaks down, unfertilised egg released = menstruation
2. Day 6 to 10 = uterine lining thickens
3. Day 11 to 14 = developmental stage = ovulation occurs (ovary releases an ovum into fallopian tube) - usually on day 14
4 Day 15 to 28 = preparation stage = ovum travels through fallopian tube and is fertilised/unfertilised and uterine lining thickens
44
What is fertilisation
• The PROCESS when
• A MALE SEX GAMETE (THE SPERM)
• JOINS
• A FEMALE SEX GAMETE (OVUM/EGG)
• To FORM
• A NEW ZYGOTE (CELL)
• With CHARACTERISTICS
45
What is a Zygote
• When a MALE GAMETE (SPERM)
• FERTILISES
• A FEMAL GAMETE (OVUM)
• It FORMS
• A NEW CELL CALLED a ZYGOTE
• Which has CHARACTERISTICS of
• BOTH the MALE AND FEMALE
46
What is implantation
• ZYGOTE STARTS TO GROW
• Into a BALL OF CELLS
• And then EMBEDS/attaches INTO
• The BLOOD LINING (ENDOMETRIUM) of the UTERUS
• AFTER IMPLANTATION THE ZYGOTE IS CALLED AN EMBRYO
47
What are the stages of a fertilised egg
1. Fertilisation - male gametes joins female gamete
2. Zygote (new cell formed after fertilisation)
3. Embryo
4. Foetus
48
What is the placenta
• AFTER IMPLANTATION
• The UTERUS FORMS TISSUE/ORGAN
• SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD VESSELS
• It DEVELOPS and ATTACHES to
• The UTERUS of the MOTHER
• FUNCTIONS:
49
What are the functions of the placenta
o PLACENTA RECEIVES/STORES OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS from MOTHER
o And PASSED TO BABY via the UMBILICAL CORD
o WASTE AND CO2 REMOVED from BABY via UMBILICAL cord INTO THE PLACENTA
50
What is the umbilical cord
• CHORD that CONNECTS
• MOTHER’S PLACENTA (ONLY FORMED FROM FERTILISED EGG WHEN PREGNANT) to
• The FOETUS during
• GESTATIONAL PERIOD
51
What is the functions of the umbilical cord
o TRANSPORTS nutrients and O2 from MOTHER to BABY
o TRANSPORTS REMOVAL of WASTE and CO2 from baby to Placenta
52
what is the mucous membrane lining of the uterus called
Endometrium
53
What are the 2 types of twins you get
1. FRATERNAL twins
2. Identical twins
54
What are identical twins (MONOZYGOTIC - ONE ZYGOTE)
• Conceived through
• FERTILISATION ONE EGG
• WITH ONE SPERM
• WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO 2 ALMOST IDENTICAL ZYGOTES
• TRAVEL IN THE SAME FERTILISED EGG INTO THE UTERUS
• SHARE THE SAME PLACENTA (have own umbilical cords which attach to the same placenta)
• BUT SEPARATE AMNIOTIC SACS
55
What are fraternal twins (DIZYGOTIC - TWO ZYGOTES)
• CONCEIVED through
• FERTILISATION OF 2 SEPARATE EGGS
• By 2 SEPARATE SPERM
• THE FERTILISED EGGS
• TRAVEL SEPARATELY TO THE UTERUS
• HAS SEPARATE :
o PLACENTA,
o EMBRYO
o AMNIOTIC SAC,
56
Pic of identical twins versus fraternal twin
Identical - share placenta
- own amniotic sac
- own umbilical cord
Fraternal - own placenta
- own amniotic sac
- own umbilical cord
57
What is contraception
• A MEASURE
• TO PREVENT PREGNANCY
• Want SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
• But DO NO WANT CHILDREN
• USES OF CONTRACEPTION
o NOT FALL PREGNANT
o SOME (LIKE CONDOMS) PROTECT FROM STD’s (sexually transmitted diseases)
TO KEEP HUMAN POLULATION AT REASONABLE LEVELS (SO THAT NATURAL RESOURCES CAN SUSTAIN POPULATION)
58
What are the MECHANICAL contraceptive methods
o CONDOM (MALE) – PLASTIC SHEATH ON PENIS) PREVENTS SPERM ENTERING
o FEMIDOM (FEMALE CONDOM – PLASTIC SHEATH IN VAGINA) PREVENTS SPERM ENTERING
o DIAPHRAGM/CAP – FEMALE - DOME SHAPED RUBBER PLACED IN CERVIX BY DOCTOR) – PREVENTS SPERM ENTERING
o IUD/INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (THE LOOP) – FEMALE – PLASTIC COATED COPPER COIL SURGICALLY INSERTIED INTO WALL OF UTERUS (PREVENTS IMPLANTATION)
59
What are CHEMICAL contraceptive methods
o CONTRACEPTIVE PILL
o SPERMICIDAL (must be USED WITH CONDOM/DIAPHRAGM)
* HORMONAL INJECTIONS
60
What are the NATURAL METHODS
o WITHDRAWL OF PENIS BEFORE EJACULATION
o ABSTINENCE – NO SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
o RHYTHM METHOD – INTERCOURSE AVOIDED DURING OVULATION PERIOD
61
What is the contraceptive method called where man pulls out before ejaculation
WITHDRAWL method
62
What is the contraceptive method called where you avoid intercourse during ovulation period
RHYTHM
63
What are the SURGICAL contraceptive method
o VASECTOMY – MALE – SPERM DUCTS TIED
o LAPAROTOMY/TUBECTOMY/TUBAL LIGATION – FEMALE – OVIDUCTS/FALLOPIAN TUBES ARE TIED
64
What are EMERGENCY contraception methods
• MORNING AFTER PILL
o MUST BE TAKEN WITHIN 3 DAYS/72 HOURS AFTER INTERCOURSE (THE EARLIER THE BETTER)
• IUD (THE LOOP) CAN BE INSERTED WITHIN 5 DAYS OF INTERCOURSE TO PREVENT PREGNANCY
65
Another name for Abortion
TOP - TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
• IF TOO LATE FOR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
• LAST OPTION = TOP
• LEGAL BUT AGAINST MANY RELIGIONS
• EG ABORTION
66
What are 2 STERILISATION METHODS
• VASECTOMY (SEE ABOVE)
• LAPAROTOMY/TUBECTOMY/TUBAL LITIGATION ( SEE ABOVE)
MUST BE OLDER THAN 18 YEARS OLD
67
What is the function of the IUD (Intrauterine device)
To prevent implantation of the zygote
68
What is the purpose of the contraceptive pill in avoiding to fall pregnant
Prevents OVULUATION
69
What does the contraceptive pill contain
1. Progesterone (prevents implantation)
2. Oestrogen (prevents ovulation)
70
What is the male contraceptive pill called
SPERMICIDAL
71
What is the purpose of the spermicidal pill as a contraceptive
1. To Kill sperm in vagina
2. Should only be used with condom or Diaphragm
72
What is the problem with the spermicidal pill
Not a safe contraceptive as needs to be taken with a condom or a diaphragm
73
What’s the problem with the withdrawl contraceptive method
Not very reliable as may pull out too late
74
What is the safest contraceptive method
Abstinence
75
What is the problem with the Rhythm contraceptive method
May predict ovulation period incorrectly
76
What is Puberty
1. Awkward stage in life
2. Passage go through before adulthood
3. Puberty leads to ability to REPRODUCE
77
What are the 2 different sets of characteristics experienced during Puberty
1. PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS (changes that occur during puberty to be able reproduce):
- Testes release sperm (only from puberty onwards)
- Ovaries release ova (girls born with ova but that they are not released from the ovaries until puberty).
2. SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS (physical changes to the body)
- growth spurts
- facial and pubic hair
- boobs
- hips widen
- penis and scrotum grow
78
What is is the purpose of the hormone oestrogen (girls produce during puberty)
Stimulates ovaries to produce ova
79
What does PMS stand for
Premenstrual Syndrome
80
What is PMS
From puberty, girls experience PMS symptoms
1. Cramps and IRRATABILTIY
2. DRIVEN BY HORMONES
81
What are the emotional changes experienced during puberty
1. Moodiness
2. Insecurities around body
3. Feeling awkward
4. Sexual curiosity
5. Sexual attraction
6. Want independence from parents
82
What is another (not contraceptive) purpose for condoms and femidoms
Prevent STI (sexually transmitted infections)
83
What is sterilisation
Its permanent contraceptive method
So that woman don’t fall pregnant
84
What are the emergency methods
1. morning after pill (within 3 days or 72 hours of intercourse)
2. Inserting the IUD within 5 days of unprotected sex to avoid implantation
85
What does infertility mean
Unable to conceive a child
86
What causes male infertility
1. Low sperm count
2. Poor swimmers
3. Drugs and alcohol can damage sperm
4. unable to have erection
5. If have vasectomy it makes you infertile
6. STDs can cause male infertility
87
What is a miscarriage
When foetus dies during pregnancy
88
What are the causes of female infertility
1. Tubectomy or Tubal ligation
2. Woman’s body rejects fertilised egg
3. Cancers and growths
4. Over exercising
5. Stress
6. Poor nutrition
7. STD
6. Taking drugs and alchohol
7. Old age
8. Hormonal imbalance
89
What is FAS
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
90
What is FAS
1. A series of mental and physical abnormalities in a baby
2. Caused by consumption of huge amounts alcohol during pregnanancy
91
What are examples FAS symptoms in a baby
1. Damage to the CNS (Central nervous system) - especially the brain - poor memory, attention deficit, mental illnesses, learning problems, impulsivity
2. Altered facial features
3. Below average height and weight
4. Heart problemns
5. Kidney problems
92
What are STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections)
1. AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/ HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) = VIRUS
2. Gonorrhoea (BACTERIA) - painful urination and discharge
3. Syphelis (BACTERIA) - sore -> rash -> nerve & brain damage
4. Genital Herpes (VIRUS) - genital sores
5. Chlamydia (BACTERIA) - painful urination, vaginal discharge, bleeding
6. Hepatitis B (VIRUS) - causes serious liver infection (there is a VACCINE)
7. Pubic Lice (CRABS) - insect parasite - lice found in pubic hair
8. HPV - Human Papilloma Virus - VIRUS - causes warts on body (genitals, mouth etc) and cervical cancer - permanent no cure but symptoms can be dormant - treatment focuses on removing warts
93
What is operation called to remove a woman’s uterus
Hysterectomy
94
What is the procedure called to remove a woman’s uterus
Hysterectomy
