Musculo-Fascial Compartments of the Limbs Flashcards
1
Q
What is a fascial compartment?
A
- A tissue compartment that is anatomically sealed.
- They are inexpansible and impenetrable envelopes
2
Q
What is usually found in a fascial compartment
A
- Muscles, organs or specialised tissue
- Blood supply of these tissues
- Venous drainage of these tissues
- Neuronal innervation to these tissues
- Sometimes lymphatic drainage of these tissues
3
Q
State 3 facts about the importance of fascia
A
- Body’s connective tissue matrix
- Interwoven system of fibrous connective tissue
- Breakdown of fascia happens naturally
4
Q
What is necrotizing bacteria
A
- A bacterium that feeds on the fascia
- Known as flesh-eating bacteria
- Spreads along fascial planes and can consume an entire person in hours
5
Q
Where are the 3 regions where fascial spaces in the body are exaggerated
A
- Head Region
- Neck Region
- Limb Region
6
Q
What do fascial compartments in the neck allow for
A
- Frictionless movement
- Displacements of the neck
- Breathing
- Swallowing
7
Q
Slide
A
10 lecture 2
8
Q
What are the 2 classifications of fascia in the neck
A
- Superficial cervical fascia
- Deep cervical fascia
9
Q
What are the subtypes of deep cervical fascia
A
- Investing fascia
- Pretracheal fascia
- Prevertebral fascia
- Carotid sheaths
10
Q
Name the tissue layers of the thigh
A
- Skin
- Superficial fascia
- Fascia Latta - Deep fascia
- Muscles (and membrane coverings)
- Femur (between periosteum and endosteum)
- 3 Intermuscular septa
- Neurovascular bundle
- Lymph nodes
11
Q
What is the investing layer of fascia in the thigh called
A
Fascia Latta
12
Q
What does fascia latta become at the thicker lateral ends of the thighs
A
- Iliotibial band or tract
13
Q
What are the 3 Fascial compartments of the thigh
A
- Anterior compartment
- Medial compartment
- Posterior compartment
14
Q
What septum separates the anterior and medial compartments of the thigh
A
- Medial intermuscular septum
15
Q
What septum separates the medial and posterior compartments of the thigh
A
- Posterior intermuscular septum
16
Q
What septum separates the posterior and anterior compartments of the thigh
A
Lateral intermuscular septum
17
Q
Name the functional compartment of each fascial compartment of the thigh
A
- Anterior - Knee extensors (Quadriceps)
- Posterior - Knee flexors & Hip Extensors (Hamstrings)
- Medial - Hip Adductors (Adductors)
18
Q
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh and what are the neural roots of this nerve
A
- Femoral Nerve
- Neural Roots - Level L2, L3, L4
19
Q
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh and what are the neural roots of this nerve
A
- Obturator nerve
- Neural Roots - Level L2,L3,L4
20
Q
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh and what are the neural roots of this nerve
A
- Sciatic nerve
- Nerve roots - Level L4, L5, S1, 2 & 3
21
Q
What artery innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh
A
- Femoral artery
22
Q
What artery innervates the medial compartment of the thigh
A
- Obturator Artery
23
Q
What artery innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh
A
- Perforating branches of profunda femoris
24
Q
What is crural fascia
A
- Deep investing fascia that is continuous with the deep investing fascia of the thigh
25
What are the 3 muscular compartments of the leg
- Anterior compartment
- Lateral compartment
- Posterior compartment
25
What are the 3 muscular compartments of the leg
- Anterior compartment
- Lateral compartment
- Posterior compartment
26
What are the 3 muscle groups that make up the posterior leg (calf specifically)
- Superficial
- Intermediate
- Deep
27
What causes compartment syndrome and where does it occur
- Arterial perfusion pressure falling below tissue pressure in a closed anatomical space can cause it
- It can happen in all of the places that anatomical compartments are present
28
What causes compartment syndrome and where does it occur
- Arterial perfusion pressure falling below tissue pressure in a closed anatomical space can cause it
- It can happen in all of the places that anatomical compartments are present
29
What are the 2 causes of an increase in pressure in an anatomical compartment
- Decreased size of anatomical compartment
- Increased fluid content in anatomical compartment
30
What are the 2 causes of an increase in pressure in an anatomical compartment
- Decreased size of anatomical compartment
- Increased fluid content in anatomical compartment
31
What are the 3 gross regions of the upper limb
- Arm
- Forearm
- Hand
32
Regions of upper limb based on bones
- Brachium (Arm) - Humerus
- Antebrachium (Forearm) - Radius, Ulna
- Carpus (wrist) - Carpals
- Manus (Hand) - Metacarpals, phalanges
33
Regions of upper limb based on joints
- Brachium (arm) - Between glenohumeral and elbow joints
- Antebrachium (forearm) - Between elbow and radiocarpal joints
- Carpus (wrist) - Between radiocarpal and carpometacarpal joints.
- Manus (hands) - Between carpometacarpal joints and distal interphalangeal joints
34
What is the name of the investing layer of deep fascia in the arm
Brachial fascia
35
What structures divide the arm into compartments and what are these compartments called
- Medial and Lateral intermuscular septa
- Anterior and posterior compartments
36
What is the motor action of the anterior compartment of the arm
- Flexion at the elbow
37
What is the motor action of the posterior compartment of the arm
- Extension at the elbow
38
What is the neural innervation and arterial blood supply to the anterior compartment of the arm
- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- Muscular branches of the brachial artery
39
What is the neural innervation and arterial blood supply to the posterior compartment of the arm
- Radial nerve (C5-T1)
- Profunda brachii artery
40
What is the structural organisation of the arm
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Brachial Fascia
- Anterior / posterior regions
- Shaft of humerus
41
What is the name of the investing layer of deep fascia in the forearm
Antebrachial fascia
42
What two structures extend from the brachial fascia
- Interosseous membrane
- Lateral intermuscular septum
43
What is the interosseous membrane
- Runs obliquely between radius and ulna to maintain the space between the 2
43
What is the interosseous membrane
- Runs obliquely between radius and ulna to maintain the space between the 2
44
What compartments do the interosseous membrane and lateral intermuscular septum divide the forearm into
- Anterior compartment
- Posterior compartment
45
What is the motor action of the anterior compartment of the forearm
- Flexion at wrist and fingers and pronation
46
What is the motor action of the posterior compartment of the forearm
- Extension at the wrist and fingers
47
What is the neural innervation and arterial blood supply to the anterior compartment of the forearm
- Median nerve (from C6-T1)
- Branches of the ulnar and radial artery
48
What is the neural innervation and arterial blood supply to the posterior compartment of the forearm
- Radial nerve C5-T1
- Branches of the proximal ulnar artery, anterior and posterior interosseous arteries.
49
What is the structural organisation of the forearm
GREYS
50
What is the name of the investing layer of deep fascia in the hand
Palma Aponeurosis
51
What three structures extend from the Palma Aponeurosis
- Lateral Palmar Septum
- Medial Palmar Septum
- Intermediate Palmar Septum
52
What compartments do the lateral, medial and intermediate septums divide the hand into and how many
- 11 Compartments
- 4 Dorsal interossei compartments
- 3 Plantar interossei compartments
- Thenar compartment
- Hypothenar compartment
- Adductor compartment
- Midpalm compartment
53
What supplied blood to the hand
- Deep and superficial arches which are supplied by radial and ulnar nerves
54
What is the motor action of the thenar muscles
- Fine movements of thumb
55
What is the motor action of the hypothenar muscles
- Fine movements of the little finger
56
What is the motor action of the lumbricals
- Movement of the fingers
56
What is the motor action of the lumbricals
- Movement of the fingers
57
What is the motor action of the Plantar interossei
- Adduction
58
What is the motor action of the Dorsal interossei
- Abduction
59
What is the neural innervation of the thenar muscles
- Median nerve
60
What is the neural innervation of the hypothenar muscles
- Ulnar nerve
61
What is the neural innervation of the lumbricals
- Median nerve for 2 lateral lumbricals
- Ulnar nerve for 2 medial lumbricals
62
What is the neural innervation of the plantar interossei
- Ulnar nerve
63
What is the neural innervation of the dorsal interossei
- Ulnar nerve
64
Brachial
Plexus
