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Regional Anatomy > Anatomical Spaces of Clinical Importance of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomical Spaces of Clinical Importance of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important clinical spaces in the lower limb

A
  • Femoral triangle
  • Popliteal fossa
  • Medial aspect of the knee
  • Ankle joint
  • Dorsal surface of the foot
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2
Q

What is the inguinal ligament also know as and what is its significance

A
  • Poupart’s ligament
  • Forms the anatomical boundary between the abdomen and the thigh
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3
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament start and end

A
  • From ASIS to pubic tubercle
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4
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A
  • An intermuscular slit that lies above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
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5
Q

Where does the inguinal canal start and end

A
  • Starts at the deep inguinal ring
  • Ends at the superficial inguinal ring
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6
Q

What structures does the inguinal canal transmit

A
  • Spermatic cord in the male
  • Round ligament in the female
  • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
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7
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal and what is this reinforced by

A
  • Floor is the in-rolled lower edge of the inguinal ligament.
  • Reinforced medially by the lacunar ligament.
  • Reinforced laterally by transversalis fascia.
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8
Q

What are the superficial and deep inguinal ring

A
  • Superficial inguinal ring is a triangular opening in the aponeuroses of the external oblique which forms the end of the inguinal canal.
  • Deep inguinal ring is the beginning of the inguinal canal but also where the tranversalis fascia begins to be turned inside out.
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9
Q

What are the femoral triangle and the adductor canal also known as

A
  • Femoral triangle - Scarpa’s triangle
  • Adductor canal - Hunter’s canal
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10
Q

What clinical procedures can be carried out due to the femoral triangle

A
  • Detection of femoral pulse
  • Cannulation of femoral artery for surgical procedures
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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A
  • Superior boundary - Inguinal ligament
  • Lateral boundary - medial border of sartorius
  • Medial boundary - medial boundary of adductor longus
  • Floor - Iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, adductor longus.
  • Roof - Superficial fascia and deep fascia of the thigh
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12
Q

What is the saphenous opening

A
  • Hiatus in deep fascia of the thigh which allows the great saphenous vein to drain into the femoral vein.
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13
Q

How does the descending aorta become the femoral artery

A
  • Descending aorta becomes common iliac
  • Common iliac artery bifurcates into external iliac and internal iliac at pelvic inlet.
  • External iliac becomes the femoral artery below the inguinal ligament
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14
Q

Where does the femoral artery start and end and where does it run

A
  • Starts at the level of the inguinal ligament and ends in the adductor canal.
  • Runs midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
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15
Q

What is the shape and location of the popliteal fossa, and what covers the fossa

A
  • Diamond-shaped
  • Back of the knee
  • Deep popliteal fascia
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16
Q

What can be felt at the popliteal fossa

A
  • Arterial pulse of the leg, and knee must flex to relax the fascia as the artery is deep
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17
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa

A
  • Nerves
  • Popliteal artery (branches to give geniculate branches)
  • Popliteal vein (lesser saphenous vein ends in popliteal vein)
  • Popliteal lymph nodes
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18
Q

What covers the popliteal vessels

A
  • Areolar connective tissue
19
Q

What nerves are contained within the popliteal fossa

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common peroneal nerve
  • Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
20
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A
  • Superomedially - Semimembranosus muscle
  • Superolaterally - Biceps femoris muscle
  • Inferomedially - Medial head of the gastrocnemius
  • Inferolaterally - Lateral head of the gastrocnemius
21
Q

Where does the anterior tibial artery start

A
  • At the bifurcation of the popliteal artery
22
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery rest upon

A
  • Upper two-thirds - interosseus membrane
  • Lower third - the front of the tibia and anterior ligament of the ankle joint
23
Q

What vessel does the tibial artery give rise to beyond the extensor reticulum

A
  • Dorsalis pedis artery
24
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsal pedis artery

A
  • Ankle-joint, tibial side of the dorsum of the dorsum of the foot, first intertarsal space
25
Q

What are the 2 branches of the dorsal pedis artery

A
  • The first dorsal metatarsal artery
  • Deep plantar artery
26
Q

Describe the path of the posterior tibial artery

A
  • Descends deep to the soleus and becomes superficial in the lower 1/3 of the leg.
  • Passes behind the medial malleolus between the tendons of FDL and FHL
  • Divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries below the ankle.
27
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery become superficial

A
  • Lower third of the leg
28
Q

What is the longest vein in the body and where does it start and end

A
  • Greater saphenous vein
  • Starts in medial marginal vein in the foot
  • Ends in femoral vein in the upper thigh (3cm below inguinal ligament)
29
Q

When does the great saphenous vein begin to ascend in the foot and where does it ascend in the leg

A
  • Infront of the medial malleolus
  • Medial side of the leg (in relation to the saphenous nerve)
30
Q

What does the great saphenous vein drain

A
  • The medial part of the venous plexus of the foor
31
Q

How many valves does the great saphenous nerve have and where are most of these valves located

A
  • 10 to 20 valves
  • More valves are located in the leg compared to the thigh
32
Q

What is one clinical use of the great saphenous vein

A
  • Administration of fluids into the veinous system
33
Q

Where does the small (short) saphenous vein start drain and where does it drain into

A
  • Drains the lateral side of the venous plexus of the foot
  • Drains into popliteal vein between heads of gastrocnemius
34
Q

Describe the pathway of the small (short) saphenous vein

A
  • Starts as continuation of the lateral marginal vein of the foot
  • Ascends along lateral margin of Achilles tendon and crosses obliquely to the middle of the posterior leg
  • Then ascends until it perforates the deep fascia to enter the popliteal fossa
35
Q

What are varicose veins and what do they present as

A
  • Valves in perforating veins become incomplete, and blood flows back from deep to superficial veins. This increases intra-luminal pressure which superficial veins cannot withstand.
  • Veins become dilates and tortuous, veins appear to protrude.
36
Q

What are the boundaries of the gluteal region

A
  • Superiorly - iliac crest
  • Inferiorly - Gluteal fold
37
Q

What is the gluteal region characterised by

A
  • Prominent posterior convexity - buttocks
  • A sharply defined gluteal fold
38
Q

What 3 factors cause the large posterior convex bulge in the gluteal region

A
  • A thick layer of fat
  • Lower part of a muscle
  • Transverse crease of the skin
39
Q

What is the clinical importance of the gluteal region

A
  • Muscles used in walking (gait analysis is important for neurological diagnosis)
  • Straight leg raise test (stressing sciatic nerve which runs in gluteal region)
  • Major site for intermuscular drug administration.
40
Q

What are the 4 regions of the gluteal region

A
  • Upper inner
  • Upper outer
  • Lower inner
  • Lower outer
41
Q

How is he gluteal region split into 4 regions

A
  • Draw an imaginary horizontal line between greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity.
  • Then another vertical imaginary line at the midpoint of the horizontal line
42
Q

In which of the gluteal quadrants can a safe intramuscular injection be administered

A
  • Upper outer quadrant
43
Q

What muscles does the upper outer gluteal quadrant contain

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus

Regional Anatomy (13 decks)

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