Adaptable Design of Limbs Flashcards
What is the redistribution of the centre of gravity of the body in an upright position associated with
- Pressure on the vertebral column
- Challenges for the heart supplying the head against gravity
- Venous return disorders in the elderly
What does the freed upper limb enable humans to do
- Reaching movement well beyond the body
What is the definition of movement (give 2)
- Change in position
- Change in position of any part of the body
What is the definition of movement in limbs
Change in angle subtended at any point
What are the 2 ways of classifying movements
- Isometric vs Isotonic
- Flexion vs Extension
What embryological layer of tissue forms a majority of the musculoskeletal system
- The Mesoderm
What defines the different parts of the mesoderm and what are they called
- Defined by their relative position to the midline
- Paraxial mesoderm
- Intermediate mesoderm
- Lateral plate mesoderm
Name the 3 regions of the limb from proximal to distal and give an example of each using the arm
- Stylopod - Humerus
- Zeugopod - Ulna and Radius
- Autopod - Wrist & Fingers
Slide 8
Slide 8
Name the 2 divisions of the human skeleton
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the skeleton
- Cartilage
- Bones
What are the parts of the axial skeleton
- Head
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic cage
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton
- 2 Upper limbs
- 2 lower limbs
Name the 5 key points on a generic limb
- Root of limb (where limb attaches to axial skeleton)
- Proximal end of the limb (end of limb closer to axial skeleton)
- Tip of limb (most distal point of limb)
- Distal end of the limb (End of limb further away from axial skeleton)
Give layman and anatomical names for the divisions of the upper limb
- Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)
- Brachium (arm)
- Antebrachium (Forearm)
- Wrist
- Hand
What are the 4 major sub-divisions of the lower limb
- The hip
- The thigh
- The leg
- The foot
Functions of upper limb
- Reaching movements
- Grabbing
- Sensation
Functions of lower limb
- Support of bodyweight
- Stability
- Movement
What forms the sternoclavicular joint
- Articulation of medial aspect of clavicle with the manubrium of sternum
Why is the SC joint known as a modified synovial joint
- It is a plane-style synovial joint with a fibrocartilage disk
What forms the pectoral girdle
- Articulation of the clavicle and scapula
What forms the glenohumeral joint
- Articulation of the glenoid fossa of the scapula with the head of the humerus (ball and socket)
What 3 bones join to form the pelvis
- Left innominate bone of the hip
- Right innominate bone of the hip
- Sacrum
What are the 3 joints of the pelvis called
- 2 Sacroiliac joints - fibrous joints
- 1 Pubic symphysis - Cartilaginous joint (does not ossify)
What does the hormone relaxin do
Loosens the joints of the pelvis in preparation for childbirth
What 3 bones make up the innominate bone of the hip
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
What is the name of the depression the bones of the innominate bone produce when joined together and where do they unite
- Form the Acetabulum
- Unite at tri-radiate cartilage
Describe the order of layering tissue in the limbs
- Skin
- Superficial fascia
- Periosteum
- Bone
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Deep fascia
What acts as anatomical evidence of limbs as appendages of the body
- Dermatomes of the thorax and upper limb
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