muscular system gross anatomy

Question 1

what is the belly

Answer 1

largest part of the muscle between origin and insertion

Question 2

what is an insertion?

Answer 2

muscle end attachment to bone with greatest movement

Question 3

what is the origin / head?

Answer 3

muscle end attachment to more stationary of 2 bones

Question 4

what are tendons?

Answer 4

attach muscles to bones

Question 5

what is aponeurosis

Answer 5

a very broad tendon

Question 6

what is agonist

Answer 6

muscle that causes action when it contracts

Question 7

what is antagonist

Answer 7

a muscle working in opposition to agonist

Question 8

what is synergist

Answer 8

muscles that work together to cause a movement

Question 9

what are the 2 types of synergists?

Answer 9

prime mover: plays a major role in accomplishing movement

fixators: stabilize joints crossed by the primer mover; preventing movement of the origin of the prime mover

Question 10

what is an example of agonist and antagonist

Answer 10

If bicep is contracting and causing flexion at elbow joint = agonist
Antagonist = tricep

Question 11

head and neck muscles

Answer 11

flexion - muscles deep within the neck along anterior margins of vertrbeal bodies

extension - posterior neck muscles attached to occipital bone and mastoid process

rotation and lateral flexion - lateral and posterior groups

Question 12

prime mover - Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 12

Causes forward flexion of head but can only do one side at a time

Question 13

prime mover - Trapezius

Answer 13

Has fiber in many diff directions which dictates the way the muscles contract
Extension and lateral flexion

Question 14

muscles that move the vertebral column

Answer 14

2 groups of muscles (help extend, laterally flex and rotate)

deep group:
from vertebra to vertebra

superficial group:
extend from vertebrae to ribs

Question 15

what is the erector spinae

Answer 15

Prime movers of back extension
3 subgroups that covers different regions throughout the vertebral column

• made for maintaining posture not stretching –> injured when stretched

Question 16

why is it important to lift with your legs and not your back?

Answer 16

b/c the muscles always contracting = slow twitch fibers => not very strong

When you bend over –> lengthening sarcomere then putting load on the muscles –> not enough overlap in actin and myosin myofil = cant produce much force

=> excessive force = hurt your back

Question 17

erector spinae muscles allow for which actions?

Answer 17

rotation and extension of vertebral column and lateral flexion of torso

Question 18

thoracic muscles

Answer 18

scalenes - elevate first 2 ribs during inspiration

external intercostals - elevate ribs

internal intercostals - depress ribs during expiration

diaphragm - major movements of inspiration. flattens during contraction and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 19

abdominal wall muscles

Answer 19

rectus abdominis -

external abdominal oblique -

internal abdominal oblique -

transverse abdominis

Question 20

what does the abdominal wall do

Answer 20

flex and rotate vertebral column, decrease volume of abdominal and thoracic cavities (compression)

help in expiration, vomiting, defection, urination and birth

crossing muscle patterns adds strength to muscles to support organs

Question 21

scapular movement

Answer 21

muscles that attach the upper limb to the body and move or stabalize tthe scapula and clavicle

Question 22

muscles involved with scapular movement

Answer 22

trapezius - Elevates, depresses and rotates scapula

levator scapulae - Elevate and rotate scapula

rhombodieus - Pulls scapula towards vertebrae - helps square shoulders/ not hunch

serratus anterior - Holds scapula in place on thoracic cavity
- Boxers muscle b/c helping scapula holding arms in boxing position

pectoralis minor
- Depresses scapula

Question 23

pectoralis major job

Answer 23

flexion, adduction and medial rotation (and extension if already flexed)

Question 24

latissimus dorsi

Answer 24

extension, adduct and medial rotation

Question 25

deltoid job

Answer 25

sits on the cap of shoulder blade and is used for extension, abduction, medial and lateral rotation

Question 26

what are the 4 rotator cuffs

Answer 26

subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor and supraspinatus

SITS

Question 27

what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 27

hold humerus and glenoid cavity

abduction, adduction and rotation

Question 28

what does the infraspinatus muscle do? and location?

Answer 28

pulls humerus towards back and does lateral rotation

belly of muscle found in infraspinous fossa

Question 29

what does the subscapularis muscle do? and location?

Answer 29

internal rotation and abduction

Insert on anterior side of humerus

Question 30

what does the supraspinatus muscle do? and location?

Answer 30

abduction , pulls bone upwards

Inserts on top portion of humerus

Question 31

what is the teres minor do? and location?

Answer 31

adduct, extension and lateral rotation

Question 32

forearm movement - extension is preformed with which muscles

Answer 32

triceps brachii
anconeus

Question 33

forearm movement - flexion is preformed with which muscles

Answer 33

biceps brachii
brachioradialis
brachialis

Question 34

forearm movement - supination is preformed with which muscles

Answer 34

supinator
biceps brachii

Question 35

forearm movement - pronation is preformed with which muscles

Answer 35

pronator quadratus
pronator teres

Question 36

what can the muscles on the anterior surface of the forearm do?

Answer 36

flexion of wrist, hands and fingers
abduction and adduction of wrist

Question 37

what can the muscles on the posterior surface of the forearm do?

Answer 37

extension of wrist, hand and fingers

abduction of wrist

Question 38

where are the thenar and hypothenar intrinsic muscles location and their function?

Answer 38

thenar - fleshy group of muscles on thumb side

hypothenar - on pinky side

function:
- Involved in abduction or adduction of hand
- Reposition and opposition of fingers
- Help provide fine motor movement dexterity in hands

Question 39

anterior muscles for thigh movement and their function

Answer 39

iliopsoas - posas major + iliacus

hip flexion

Question 40

posterior muscles for thigh movement and their function

Answer 40

gluteals and tensor fasiae latae

extension and abduction of thigh and flexsion and stabilize femur

Question 41

what are muscles that help move the leg

Answer 41

sartorius = flexes hip and knee, also laterally rotates thigh (sitting cross legged)

medial thigh muscles = adduction

posterior thigh muscle / hamstrings = flexsion of knee and extension of hip

Question 42

what ae the 3 hamstring muscles

Answer 42

semitendinosus
bicep femoris
semimembranosus

Question 43

leg movements occur with the __. what are the functions as well

Answer 43

quadriceps femoris
- extension at the knee

rectus femoris - also flexes at hip
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis

Question 44

where do all of the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?

Answer 44

patellar tendon

patellar ligament extends from patella to tibial tuberosity

Question 45

ankle foot and toes movement - anterior compartment

Answer 45

extensors involved in dorsiflexion and eversion/inversion of foot; extension of toes

Question 46

ankle foot and toes movement - lateral compartment

Answer 46

planter flexion and eversion

Question 47

ankle foot and toes movement - posterior compartment

Answer 47

superficial muscles:
- plantar flexion
- have common tendon insertion = calcaneal tendon (achilles)
- gastrocnemius
- plantaris
- soleus

deep muscles:
- plantar flexion, inversion of foot and flexion of toes

Question 48

eversion vs inversion

Answer 48

eversion: Tilting of the foot so the sole faces away from the midline.

inversion: Tilting of the foot so the sole faces into the midline