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Gross Anatomy I > Muscular system - general knowledge > Flashcards

Muscular system - general knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal striated muscle
  • cardiac striated muscle
  • smooth muscle
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2
Q

Describe skeletal striated muscle

A
  • voluntary and somatic (controlled by SNS)
  • makes up gross skeletal muscle
  • function to move and stabilize bones and other structures
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3
Q

Describe cardiac striated muscle

A
  • involuntary and visceral
  • forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent great vessels
  • functions to pump blood
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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary and visceral
  • forms part of the walls of vessels and hollow organs
  • moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions
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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

coordinated, sequential contractions that move substances through vessels and organs

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6
Q

What are the different parts of skeletal muscle?

A
  • heads or bellies: fleshy, reddish, contractile portion

- tendons: white, non-contractile portions

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7
Q

Composition of tendons

A

mainly of organized collagen

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8
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

flat sheet formed by some tendons that anchor muscle to skeleton, deep fascia and/or aponeurosis of another muscle

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9
Q

When referring to the length of a muscle, what is included

A

both belly/head and tendon

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10
Q

How are muscles classified?

A

by muscle fiber arrangement and shape

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11
Q

What are the 6 classifications of muscles?

A
  • flat
  • fusiform
  • pennate
  • quadrate
  • circular
  • multi-headed (multi-bellied)
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12
Q

Describe flat muscles

A

parallel fibers, often with aponeurosis

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13
Q

Describe fusiform muscle

A

spindle-shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered ends

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14
Q

Describe pennate muscles

A
  • featherlike arrangement of fibers

- can be unipennate, bipennate or multipennate

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15
Q

Deltoid is an example of what type of muscle?

A

multipennate

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16
Q

Extensor digitorium and palmar interossei are examples of what type of muscle?

A

unipennate

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17
Q

Rectus femoris and dorsal interossei are an example of what type of muscle?

A

bipennate

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18
Q

Describe quadrate muscles

A

have four equal sides.

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19
Q

Biceps brachii is an example of what type of muscle?

A

fusiform

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20
Q

External oblique and sartorius are examples of what type of muscle?

A

flat

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21
Q

Rectus abdominis between its tendinous inscriptions is an example of what type of muscle?

A

quadrate

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22
Q

Orbicularis oculi is an example of what type of muscle?

A

circular

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23
Q

Describe circular muscles

A

surround body opening or orifice and constrict when contracted

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24
Q

Describe multi-headed muscles

A

have more than one head of attachment or contractile belly

25
Gastrocnemius, biceps brachii and triceps brachii are examples of what type of muscle?
multi headed
26
Describe origin of muscles
- proximal attachment | - usually remains fixed during contraction
27
Describe insertion of muscles
- distal attachment | - moves towards origin during contraction
28
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle contraction?
- reflexive - tonic - phasic (isometric and isotonic)
29
Describe reflexive contraction?
-automatic aspect of skeletal muscle activity
30
Contraction of the thoracic diaphragm is an example of what type of muscle contraction?
reflexive
31
How is the contraction of the thoracic diaphragm controlled?
- oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood | - can be controlled to an extent
32
The movement of a muscle after a stretch to tendon has been induced by tapping with a hammer is called what?
myotatic reflex
33
Describe tonic contraction
-the slight contraction present in muscles when relaxed creating muscle tone but not movement or active resistance
34
What is the function of tonic contraction?
- gives muscle firmness to stabilize joints and maintain posture - keeps muscles ready to respond - it is absent in deep sleep, under anesthesia and after paralysis
35
Describe isometric contraction
- type of phasic muscle contraction where muscle length remains the same while muscle tension increases above tonic levels
36
What is the function of isometric contraction?
to resist gravity or other antagonistic force
37
Describe isotonic contraction
-type of phasic contraction where muscle length changes in relationship to production of movement
38
The type of muscle contraction used to maintain upright posture is what?
isometric contraction
39
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
- concentric | - eccentric
40
Describe how the movement occurs with a concentric isotonic contraction
the movement occurs as a result of muscle shortening such as when lifting a weight
41
Describe how the movement occurs with a eccentric isotonic contraction
- the movement occurs as a result of muscle lengthening such as when setting an object down - the movement is controlled and gradual while exerting a diminishing force
42
What are the 4 functions of muscles?
- prime mover (agonist) - fixator - synergist - antagonist
43
Describe the agonist function of muscles
- concentric contraction that produces a specific movement | - usually performed by a single muscle but sometimes by gravity
44
Describe the fixator function of muscles
-isometric contraction that steadies the proximal parts of the limb
45
Describe the synergist function of muscles
- concentric contraction that compliments actions of agonist/prime mover - usually there are several synergists helping one prime mover
46
Describe the antagonist function of muscles
- eccentric contraction that opposes action of another muscle - prime antagonists oppose prime movers - secondary antagonists oppose synergists
47
Describe flexion/extension movement
occurs in the saggital plane around a transverse axis to decrease (F) or increase (E) angle between bones or body
48
Describe abduction/adduction
occurs in frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis to produce movement away (abd) or towards median plane (add)
49
Describe circumduction
occurs at distal joint to produce sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction to make a circle
50
Describe medial/lateral rotation
occurs around longitudinal axis of a bone anterior surface closer (MR) or farther away (LR) from median plane
51
Describe supination/pronation
movement where radius rotates around ulna in forearm -radius rotates medially (P) or laterally (S) so palm faces posteriorly (P) or anteriorly (S) in anatomical position or inferiorly (P) or superior (S) if elbow is flexed
52
Describe dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
movement of foot at the ankle where toes point up (DF) or down (PF)
53
Describe inversion/eversion
movement of sole of foot away from median plane (Ev) or towards median plane (In)
54
Describe protraction/retraction
anterior displacement (PT) or posterior displacement (R) as in moving mandible or scapula forward and backward
55
Describe elevation/depression
movement superiorly (EL) or inferiorly (D) as in a shoulder shrug
56
Describe upward/downward rotation
rotational movement of the scapula where glenoid fossa tilts superiorly (UR) and inferiorly (DR)
57
Describe radial/ulnar deviation
abduction or adduction of the wrist when in anatomical position
58
What kind of nerves supply skeletal muscle?
motor nerves
59
Characteristics of muscle innervation
- muscles of similar action share innervations, usually | - nerve supplies a muscle that it pierces or passes between its 2 head, usually

Gross Anatomy I (10 decks)

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