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Gross Anatomy I > Muscular system - general knowledge > Flashcards

Muscular system - general knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal striated muscle
  • cardiac striated muscle
  • smooth muscle
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2
Q

Describe skeletal striated muscle

A
  • voluntary and somatic (controlled by SNS)
  • makes up gross skeletal muscle
  • function to move and stabilize bones and other structures
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3
Q

Describe cardiac striated muscle

A
  • involuntary and visceral
  • forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent great vessels
  • functions to pump blood
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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary and visceral
  • forms part of the walls of vessels and hollow organs
  • moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions
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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

coordinated, sequential contractions that move substances through vessels and organs

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6
Q

What are the different parts of skeletal muscle?

A
  • heads or bellies: fleshy, reddish, contractile portion

- tendons: white, non-contractile portions

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7
Q

Composition of tendons

A

mainly of organized collagen

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8
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

flat sheet formed by some tendons that anchor muscle to skeleton, deep fascia and/or aponeurosis of another muscle

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9
Q

When referring to the length of a muscle, what is included

A

both belly/head and tendon

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10
Q

How are muscles classified?

A

by muscle fiber arrangement and shape

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11
Q

What are the 6 classifications of muscles?

A
  • flat
  • fusiform
  • pennate
  • quadrate
  • circular
  • multi-headed (multi-bellied)
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12
Q

Describe flat muscles

A

parallel fibers, often with aponeurosis

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13
Q

Describe fusiform muscle

A

spindle-shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered ends

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14
Q

Describe pennate muscles

A
  • featherlike arrangement of fibers

- can be unipennate, bipennate or multipennate

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15
Q

Deltoid is an example of what type of muscle?

A

multipennate

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16
Q

Extensor digitorium and palmar interossei are examples of what type of muscle?

A

unipennate

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17
Q

Rectus femoris and dorsal interossei are an example of what type of muscle?

A

bipennate

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18
Q

Describe quadrate muscles

A

have four equal sides.

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19
Q

Biceps brachii is an example of what type of muscle?

A

fusiform

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20
Q

External oblique and sartorius are examples of what type of muscle?

A

flat

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21
Q

Rectus abdominis between its tendinous inscriptions is an example of what type of muscle?

A

quadrate

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22
Q

Orbicularis oculi is an example of what type of muscle?

A

circular

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23
Q

Describe circular muscles

A

surround body opening or orifice and constrict when contracted

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24
Q

Describe multi-headed muscles

A

have more than one head of attachment or contractile belly

25
Q

Gastrocnemius, biceps brachii and triceps brachii are examples of what type of muscle?

A

multi headed

26
Q

Describe origin of muscles

A
  • proximal attachment

- usually remains fixed during contraction

27
Q

Describe insertion of muscles

A
  • distal attachment

- moves towards origin during contraction

28
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • reflexive
  • tonic
  • phasic (isometric and isotonic)
29
Q

Describe reflexive contraction?

A

-automatic aspect of skeletal muscle activity

30
Q

Contraction of the thoracic diaphragm is an example of what type of muscle contraction?

A

reflexive

31
Q

How is the contraction of the thoracic diaphragm controlled?

A
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

- can be controlled to an extent

32
Q

The movement of a muscle after a stretch to tendon has been induced by tapping with a hammer is called what?

A

myotatic reflex

33
Q

Describe tonic contraction

A

-the slight contraction present in muscles when relaxed creating muscle tone but not movement or active resistance

34
Q

What is the function of tonic contraction?

A
  • gives muscle firmness to stabilize joints and maintain posture
  • keeps muscles ready to respond
  • it is absent in deep sleep, under anesthesia and after paralysis
35
Q

Describe isometric contraction

A
  • type of phasic muscle contraction where muscle length remains the same while muscle tension increases above tonic levels
36
Q

What is the function of isometric contraction?

A

to resist gravity or other antagonistic force

37
Q

Describe isotonic contraction

A

-type of phasic contraction where muscle length changes in relationship to production of movement

38
Q

The type of muscle contraction used to maintain upright posture is what?

A

isometric contraction

39
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  • concentric

- eccentric

40
Q

Describe how the movement occurs with a concentric isotonic contraction

A

the movement occurs as a result of muscle shortening such as when lifting a weight

41
Q

Describe how the movement occurs with a eccentric isotonic contraction

A
  • the movement occurs as a result of muscle lengthening such as when setting an object down
  • the movement is controlled and gradual while exerting a diminishing force
42
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscles?

A
  • prime mover (agonist)
  • fixator
  • synergist
  • antagonist
43
Q

Describe the agonist function of muscles

A
  • concentric contraction that produces a specific movement

- usually performed by a single muscle but sometimes by gravity

44
Q

Describe the fixator function of muscles

A

-isometric contraction that steadies the proximal parts of the limb

45
Q

Describe the synergist function of muscles

A
  • concentric contraction that compliments actions of agonist/prime mover
  • usually there are several synergists helping one prime mover
46
Q

Describe the antagonist function of muscles

A
  • eccentric contraction that opposes action of another muscle
  • prime antagonists oppose prime movers
  • secondary antagonists oppose synergists
47
Q

Describe flexion/extension movement

A

occurs in the saggital plane around a transverse axis to decrease (F) or increase (E) angle between bones or body

48
Q

Describe abduction/adduction

A

occurs in frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis to produce movement away (abd) or towards median plane (add)

49
Q

Describe circumduction

A

occurs at distal joint to produce sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction to make a circle

50
Q

Describe medial/lateral rotation

A

occurs around longitudinal axis of a bone anterior surface closer (MR) or farther away (LR) from median plane

51
Q

Describe supination/pronation

A

movement where radius rotates around ulna in forearm
-radius rotates medially (P) or laterally (S) so palm faces posteriorly (P) or anteriorly (S) in anatomical position or inferiorly (P) or superior (S) if elbow is flexed

52
Q

Describe dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

A

movement of foot at the ankle where toes point up (DF) or down (PF)

53
Q

Describe inversion/eversion

A

movement of sole of foot away from median plane (Ev) or towards median plane (In)

54
Q

Describe protraction/retraction

A

anterior displacement (PT) or posterior displacement (R) as in moving mandible or scapula forward and backward

55
Q

Describe elevation/depression

A

movement superiorly (EL) or inferiorly (D) as in a shoulder shrug

56
Q

Describe upward/downward rotation

A

rotational movement of the scapula where glenoid fossa tilts superiorly (UR) and inferiorly (DR)

57
Q

Describe radial/ulnar deviation

A

abduction or adduction of the wrist when in anatomical position

58
Q

What kind of nerves supply skeletal muscle?

A

motor nerves

59
Q

Characteristics of muscle innervation

A
  • muscles of similar action share innervations, usually

- nerve supplies a muscle that it pierces or passes between its 2 head, usually

Gross Anatomy I (10 decks)

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