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Gross Anatomy I > Anatomy of the Back - Unit 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Back - Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of ligaments associated with the vertebral column?

A
  • supraspinous

- nuchal

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2
Q

Name the ligaments that connect the tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum.

A

supraspinous ligaments

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3
Q

Name the ligaments that extend from external occipital protuberance and posterior border of foramen magnum to spinous process of cervical vertebrae.

A

nuchal ligaments

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4
Q

What does the transverse cervical artery supply?

A

trapezius

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5
Q

What is the origination of the transverse cervical artery?

A

Thyrocervical Trunk off the subclavian artery

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6
Q

Which nerve travels with the transverse cervical artery?

A

CN XI

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7
Q

What are the branches of the transverse cervical artery?

A
  • superficial cervical

- dorsal scapular (33% of the time)

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8
Q

What does the dorsal scapular artery supply?

A
  • levator scapula

- Rhomboids

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9
Q

What is the origination of the dorsal scapular artery?

A
  • 33% of the time it is a branch of the transverse cervical a.
  • 66% of the time it is a branch of the subclavian a.
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10
Q

What nerve travels with the dorsal scapular artery?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

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11
Q

What is the origination of the vertebral artery?

A

subclavian artery

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12
Q

Where does the vertebral artery enter and exit the neck?

A
  • enters at C6 and exits at C1 through transverse foramina

- enters foramen magnum to help form the Circle of Wills

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13
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply?

A

suboccipital muscles

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14
Q

What does the thoracodorsal artery supply?

A

latissimus dorsi

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15
Q

What nerve travels with the thoracodorsal artery?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

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16
Q

Where does the thoracodorsal artery originate?

A

it is one of two terminal branches of the sub scapular artery which comes off the subclavian

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17
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal artery originate?

A

descending thoracic aorta

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18
Q

What does the dorsal cutaneous branches of the posterior intercostal artery supply?

A

deep back muscles

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19
Q

Where does the occipital artery originate?

A

the external carotid artery

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20
Q

What does the occipital artery supply?

A

posterior scalp and sub occipital muscles

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21
Q

What does the Dorsal (posterior) rami of the spinal nerve supply?

A
  • intrinsic back muscles
  • zygopophyseal joints
  • dermatomal cutaneous innervations of the skin
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22
Q

What are then “named” dorsal rami?

A
  • suboccipital nerve

- greater occipital nerve

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23
Q

Where does the sub occipital nerve exit the vertebral column?

A

between occiput and C1

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24
Q

What does the sub occipital nerve supply?

A

suboccipital muscles

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25
Q

Where does the greater occipital nerve exit the vertebral column?

A

between C1 and C2

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26
Q

What is another name for CN XI?

A

spinal accessory nerve

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27
Q

What does CN XI supply?

A

trapezius muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle

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28
Q

Where does the dorsal scapular nerve originate?

A

ventral (anterior) ramus of C5

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29
Q

Where and with what artery does the dorsal scapular nerve travel?

A

along the scapula with dorsal scapular artery

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30
Q

Where does the thoracodorsal nerve originate?

A

posterior cord of brachial plexus (C6-C8)

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31
Q

What does the thoracodorsal nerve supply?

A

latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thoracic and lumbar regions?

A

thoracolumbar fascia

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33
Q

Describe thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • extends laterally from spinous processes
  • forms thin covering intrinsic thoracic back muscles
  • forms thick covering over lumbar muscles
  • continuous with deep fascia from cranium and pelvis
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34
Q

Major groups of Back Muscles

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

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35
Q

Subdivisions of extrinsic back muscles and how many muscles are in each subdivision.

A
  • superficial, 5

- intermediate, 2

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36
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

produce and control upper limb and respiratory movements

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37
Q

Subdivisions of intrinsic back muscles and how many muscles are in each subdivision.

A
  • superficial,2
  • intermediate, 3
  • deep, 4
  • minor deep, 4
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38
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

produce vertebral movements and maintain posture

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39
Q

What are the 5 superficial extrinsic back muscles?

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboid major
  • rhomboid minor
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40
Q

What is the function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

A
  • Connect axial skeleton to superior appendicular skeleton

- produce and control upper limb movements

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41
Q

Where do the superficial back muscles receive innervation? What is the exception?

A
  • from the dorsal rami of cervical nerve

- trapezius receives innervation from CN XI

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42
Q

Describe the trapezius size and shape

A

it is a large muscles with three parts (superior, middle and inferior) that can act independently or together

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43
Q

Where do insertions tend to be located?

A

more distal

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44
Q

Where do origins tend to be located?

A

towards the midline

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45
Q

What are the origins of the trapezius?

A
  • medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line
  • external occipital protuberance
  • nuchal ligament
  • spinal processes of C7-T12
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46
Q

What are the insertions of the trapezius?

A
  • lateral 1/3 of clavicle
  • acromion
  • spine of scapula
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47
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A
  • elevation of the scapula (by inferior trap)
  • retraction of scapula (by middle trap)
  • depression of scapula (by inferior trap)
  • upward rotation (by inferior and superior trap)
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48
Q

What nerves innervated the trapezius?

A
  • CN XI for motor

- C3,C4 for sensory

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49
Q

What artery supplies the trapezius?

A

transverse cervical

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50
Q

Describe the latissimus dorsi

A

covers large area of back from medial posterior trunk to anterior humerus

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51
Q

What are the origins of latissimus dorsi?

A
  • spinal processes of T6-T12
  • thoracolumbar fascia
  • iliac crest
  • inferior 3-4 ribs
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52
Q

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

-floor of the inter tubercular groove of the humerus

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53
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • extension
  • adduction
  • medial rotation of the humerus
  • downward rotation of the scapula
  • raise body to arms when climbing
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54
Q

What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

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55
Q

What artery supplies the latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal artery

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56
Q

Describe levator scapulae fibers and their location

A
  • fibers pass inferiorly from origin to insertion

- located deep to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

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57
Q

What is the insertion of levator scapulae?

A

Medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine

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58
Q

What is the origin of levator scapulae?

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

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59
Q

What nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

60
Q

What artery supplies the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular artery

61
Q

What are the actions of the levator scapulae?

A
  • unilaterally, elevation and downward rotation of scapula

- bilaterally, extension of neck

62
Q

Describe rhomboid major location

A

deep to trapezius, inferior to rhomboid minor

63
Q

What is the origin of rhomboid major?

A

spinal processes of T2-T5

64
Q

What is the insertion of rhomboid major?

A

medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

65
Q

What artery supplies rhomboid major?

A

dorsal scapular artery

66
Q

What nerve supplies rhomboid major?

A

dorsal scapular artery

67
Q

What are the actions of rhomboid major?

A

retraction and downward rotation of scapula

fix scapula to thoracic wall

68
Q

Describe rhomboid minor location

A

lies deep to trapezius, superior to rhomboid major

69
Q

What is the origin of rhomboid minor?

A

spinal processes of C7-T1

70
Q

What is the insertion of rhomboid minor?

A

smooth triangular area at base of scapular spine

71
Q

What are the actions of rhomboid minor?

A

retractions and downward rotation of scapula

72
Q

What artery supplies rhomboid minor?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

73
Q

What nerve supplies rhomboid minor?

A

dorsal scapular artery

74
Q

What is the triangle of auscultation?

A

a small triangular gap in the musculature of the back that provides a good area to listen to posterior segments of the lungs with a stethoscope

75
Q

What are the borders of the triangle of auscultation?

A
  • laterally, medial border of the scapula
  • medially, trapezius
  • inferiorly, latissimus dorsi
  • floor, erector spinae and possibly rhomboid major
76
Q

What is the lumbar triangle of petit?

A

small triangle in the lumbar region where herniations can commonly occur

77
Q

What are the borders of the lumbar triangle?

A
  • laterally, external oblique
  • medially, latissimus dorsi
  • inferiorly, iliac crest
  • floor, internal oblique
78
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?

A
  • serratus posterior superior

- serratus posterior inferior

79
Q

What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • splenius crevicis

- splenius capitis

80
Q

What is the function of the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

A

respiration and proprioception

81
Q

What are the origins of serratus posterior superior?

A
  • nuchal ligament

- spinal processes of C7-T3

82
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior superior?

A

superior borders of the 2nd - 4th ribs

83
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?

A

elevation of ribs in respiration and proprioception

84
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

A

ventral rami of the 2nd - 5th thoracic spinal nerves

85
Q

What are the origins of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

spinal processes of T11-L2

86
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

inferior borders of the 8th - 12th ribs near their angles

87
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

depress the ribs for proprioception and respiration

88
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Ventral rami of the 9th - 12th thoracic spinal nerves

89
Q

What are the origins of the splenius cervicis?

A

the spinal processes of T3-T6

90
Q

What are the insertions of the splenius cervicis?

A

tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C3

91
Q

What are the actions of the splenius cervicis?

A
  • ipsilateral: rotation and lateral flexion

- bilateral: extension of the neck

92
Q

What innervates the splenius cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of the spinal nerve

93
Q

What are the origins of the splenius capitis?

A

nuchal ligament and spinal processes of C7-T3

94
Q

What are the insertions of the splenius capitis?

A

mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line

95
Q

What are the actions of the splenius capitis?

A
  • ipsilateral: rotation and lateral flexion

- bilateral: extension of the head

96
Q

What innervates the splenius capitis?

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

97
Q

What are the intermediate intrinsic back muscle groups?

A

the collective group of erector spinae muscles

  • ilicostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinales
98
Q

Where are the erector spinae muscles located?

A

in a groove between the spinal processes of the vertebral column and the angles of the ribs

99
Q

What is the action of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  • bilateral: extend the vertebral column

- unilateral: lateral flexion of the vertebral column

100
Q

What innervates the erector spinae muscles?

A

dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

101
Q

What are the origins of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  • posterior iliac crest
  • scarum
  • sacral and inferior lumbar spinal processes
  • sacrospinous ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
102
Q

What is the lateral column of the erector spinae muscles?

A

iliocostalis

103
Q

What is the intermediate column of the erector spinae muscles?

A

longissimus

104
Q

What is the medial column of the erector spinae muscles?

105
Q

What are the insertions for the iliocostalis column of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  • lumborum: angles of the lower ribs
  • thoracis: angles of the upper ribs
  • cervicis: cervical transverse processes
106
Q

What are the insertions of the longissimus column of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  • thoracis: ribs (between tubercles and angles) and transverse processes in the thoracic region
  • cervicis: cervical transverse processes
  • capitis: mastoid process
107
Q

What are the insertions of the spinals column of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  • thoracis: spinal processes in thoracic region
  • cervicis: spinal processes in cervical region
  • capitis: cranium
108
Q

Sometimes the capitis spinalis of the erector spinae column fuses with the semispinalis capitis to form what?

A

biventer captitis muscle

109
Q

What are the deeper intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • interspinalis
  • intertransversarii
  • levatores costarum
110
Q

What are the origins of interspinalis muscles?

A

superior surfaces of spinal processes of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae

111
Q

What are the insertions of interspinalis muscles?

A

inferior surfaces of spinal processes of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae

112
Q

What is the action of interspinalis muscles?

A

connect the spinal processes to aid in extension and rotation of the vertebral column

113
Q

What innervates the interspinalis muscles?

A

dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

114
Q

What are the origins of intertransversarii muscles?

A

transverse processes of cervical and lumbar region

115
Q

What are the insertions of intertransversarii muscles?

A

transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region

116
Q

What is the action of intertransversarii muscles?

A

connect transverse processe to

  • unilateral: aid in lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • bilateral: stabilization of the vertebral column
117
Q

What are the origins of levator costarum muscles?

A

transverse processes of C7-T11

118
Q

What are the insertions of levator costarum muscles?

A

rib, between tubercle and angle

119
Q

What are the actions of levator costarum muscles?

A
  • elevate ribs in inspiration

- assist with lateral flexion of the vertebral column

120
Q

What innervates levator costarum muscles?

A

dorsal rami of C8-T11 spinal nerves

121
Q

What are the sub occipital/deep neck muscles?

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • obliquus capitis superior
122
Q

Describe the subocciptal region of muscles

A
  • lies under trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, splenius and semispinalis
  • is a pyramidal space inferior to external occipital protuberance
  • includes aspects of C1 and C2
123
Q

What is the origin of rectus capitis posterior major muscles?

A

spinal process of C2

124
Q

What is the insertion of rectus capitis posterior major muscles?

A

lateral part of inferior nuchal line

125
Q

What are the actions of rectus capitis posterior major muscles?

A
  • extension of head

- ipsilateral rotation

126
Q

What innervates the rectus capitis posterior major muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve

127
Q

What arteries supply the rectus capitis posterior major muscles?

A

vertebral and occipital artery

128
Q

What is the origin of rectus capitis posterior minor muscles?

A

posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1

129
Q

What is the insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor muscles?

A

medial part of inferior nuchal line

130
Q

What are the actions of rectus capitis posterior minor muscles?

A
  • extension of head

- ipsilateral rotation

131
Q

What innervates the rectus capitis posterior minor muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve

132
Q

What arteries supply thecapitis posterior minor muscles?

A

vertebral and occipital artery

133
Q

What innervates all the muscles of the deep neck/suboccipital region?

A

suboccipital nerve

134
Q

What arteries supply all the muscles of the deep neck/suboccipital region?

A

vertebral and occipital artery

135
Q

What is the origin of obliquus capitis inferior muscles?

A

spinal process of C2

136
Q

What is the insertion of obliquus capitis inferior muscles?

A

transverse processes of C1

137
Q

What is the action of obliquus capitis inferior muscles?

A

rotation of atlas, turn head to face same side as muscle

138
Q

What innervates obliquus capitis inferior muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve

139
Q

What artery supplies obliquus capitis inferior muscles?

A

vertebral and occipital artery

140
Q

What is the origin of obliquus capitis superior muscles?

A

transverse processes of C1

141
Q

What is the insertion of obliquus capitis superior muscles?

A

occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

142
Q

What are the action of obliquus capitis superior muscles?

A
  • extension of the head

- lateral flexion of head and neck

143
Q

What innervates obliquus capitis superior muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve

144
Q

What arteries supply obliquus capitis superior muscles?

A

vertebral and occipital artery

145
Q

What are the borders of the sub occipital triangle?

A
  • superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major
  • superolateral: obliquus capitis superior
  • inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior
  • floor: posterior Atlanta-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1
  • roof: semispinalis capitis
146
Q

What is found in the sub occipital triangle?

A

vertebral artery and sub occipital nerve

Gross Anatomy I (10 decks)

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