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NCCPT EXAM PREP > Muscular System [Applied Science 25%] > Flashcards

Muscular System [Applied Science 25%] Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac; Smooth; Skeletal

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2
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Striated involuntary muscle tissue that makes up the wall of the heart. It functions to contract the heart and pump blood throughout the body.

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3
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary muscle tissue, sometimes called visceral muscle, found in the gut and internal organs to help with bodily functions.

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Striated voluntary muscle tissue that attaches to bones; these tissues produce human movement.

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5
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue made up of?

A

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular tissue.

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6
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

Individual cells that make up the muscle.

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7
Q

What is sarcoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Contains oxygen-binding proteins and granules of stored glycogen.

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8
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.

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9
Q

What is sarcoplasm made up of?

A

The sarcoplasm within muscle cells is made of myofibrils & cylindrical bundles consisting of two types of myofilaments: Actin & Myosin.

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10
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Parallel filaments that form muscle.

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11
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

The filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin.

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12
Q

What is myosin?

A

The thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin; made up of several hundred myosin proteins.

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13
Q

What is actin?

A

The thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles; made up of spirals of actin protein.

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14
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Contractile unit of the muscle cell. Myofibrils are organized like a chain. Each link in the chain is a contractile unit.

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15
Q

What determines the length of a muscle fiber?

A

It depends upon the length of a sarcomere and the position of the thick and thin filaments.

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16
Q

What is the “Z line”?

A

The boundary at either end of the sarcomere; where the myofilament actin attaches.

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17
Q

Where does force transmission occur?

A

At the “Z line”.

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18
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The connective tissue covering each muscle fiber.

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19
Q

What is the role of the endomysium?

A

Helps to create the appropriate environment for the chemical exchange required for muscle contraction.

At the molecular level, calcium, sodium, and potassium are exchanged for muscle contraction.

Capillaries and nerves also exist in the endomysium to deliver nutrients and remove waste products.

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20
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

A fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle.

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21
Q

What is fasciculi?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle. Made up of up to 150 individual muscle fibers and are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium

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22
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers (fasciculi).

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23
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone.

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24
Q

What is the myotendinous junction?

A

The site of connection between the muscle and tendon.

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25
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

26
Q

How does skeletal muscle contract?

A

It must receive a signal from the CNS. These signals (action potentials) travel along the nervous system and eventually connect with muscles via motor neurons.

The motor neurons meet with the muscle cell at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction, and a unique neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is released.

27
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The space between (synapse of) a motor neuron and muscle fiber.

28
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles.

29
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction.

30
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine?

A

It attaches to receptors on the outside of the muscle fiber, which starts a multistep chemical reaction, releasing calcium into the muscle cells of the fibers.

31
Q

What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

The main energy molecule in cells.

32
Q

What must be present for actin and myosin to bind and cause muscle contraction?

A

The presence of calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

33
Q

What are the 10 steps of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Brain sends out electrical signal
  2. Signal travels through the spinal cord
  3. To the spinal nerves
  4. To the motor neurons
  5. Resulting in the propagation of an electrical current through the muscle fiber
  6. Electrical signal triggers the release of calcium inside the muscle fiber
  7. The released calcium binds to the contractile protein ACTIN
  8. This permits its interaction with the MYOSIN contractile protein
  9. ATP provides the energy that permits the “walking” of MYOSIN across the ACTIN
  10. This pulling action of the MYOSIN across the ACTIN results in the shortening of the muscle fiber during MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
34
Q

What is the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction?

A

An electrical impulse (action potential) stimulates the release of calcium into the muscle cell, which binds to the actin filaments.

This allows interaction and binding with myosin. The myosin pulls on the actin to begin shortening the muscle.

Through a series of contractions, the myosin head pulls across the actin filament where the filaments slide past each other resulting in muscle contraction.

35
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibers (in terms of human movement)?

A

Type I: Slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Type II: Fast-twitch muscle fibers.

36
Q

What are type I muscle fibers and what types of exercise are they involved in?

A

Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers with high mitochondrial density.

Ideal for endurance and low-intensity activities of longer duration.

37
Q

What are Type II muscle fibers and what types of exercise are they involved in?

A

Fast-twitch fibers that contract quickly with greater force.

They are selectively recruited for high-intensity activities requiring strength and power.

38
Q

What are type IIa muscle fibers?

A

These fast-twitch fibers fatigue relatively quickly but have a moderate mitochondrial density, meaning they can contract through most intermittent athletic activity and recover well.

They derive energy from anaerobic metabolism (energy made without the presence of oxygen), do not require oxygen to function, and are ideal fibers for longer bouts of anaerobic movement.

39
Q

What are type IIx muscle fibers?

A

Fast-twitch fibers that fire with great power and strength. Known as super fibers, they fatigue slightly faster.

They have a much lower capillary density (giving them a white color versus the pink color) and a low mitochondrial density, which contributes to their high fatigue rate.

40
Q

Give a few examples of Type I muscle fiber dominant athletes.

A

High endurance athletes like cross-country runners, triathletes, cyclists, distance swimmers, etc.

41
Q

Give a few examples of Type II muscle fiber dominant athletes.

A

Power athletes like weightlifters, gymnasts, wrestlers, etc.

42
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone.

43
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

44
Q

What is the myotendinous junction?

A

The connection between muscle and tendon.

45
Q

What is the size principle of fiber recruitment?

A

Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.

In other words, motor units will be recruited in order from smallest and slowest firing rate to largest and fastest firing rate.

46
Q

What are the muscle fiber arrangement types?

A

Fusiform, convergent, circular, parallel, penniform, unipennate, multipennate, & bipennate.

47
Q

What is a fusiform muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Spindle-shaped fiber with a large muscle belly like the biceps muscle.

48
Q

What is a convergent muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers converging from a broad origin (fixed point where the muscle attaches closest to the torso) to a single tendon of insertion (fixed point where the muscle attaches furthest from the torso. An example would be the pectoris major.

49
Q

What is a circular muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers surrounding an opening in the body. An example would be the sphincter muscle.

50
Q

What is a parallel muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers that run parallel along the axis of the muscle, like the sartorius, a long muscle in the thigh.

51
Q

What is a pennate muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely (diagonally).

52
Q

What is a penniform muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a feather.

53
Q

What is a unipennate muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon.

54
Q

What is a bipennate muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon.

55
Q

What is a multipennate muscle fiber arrangement?

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons.

56
Q

What is muscle action, and what are the 3 types?

A

Force production by a muscle that can result in a change of length (i.e., shortening or lengthening) or no length change at all.

The types are concentric, eccentric, and isometric.

57
Q

What is concentric muscle action?

A

When the length of a muscle shortens as tension is produced. (Acceleration of movement)

58
Q

What is eccentric muscle action?

A

When the length of a muscle increases as tension is produced. (Deceleration of movement)

59
Q

What is isometric muscle action?

A

When the length of a muscle remains constant as tension is produced. (Stabilization)

60
Q

What is the stretch shortening cycle?

A

The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle.

61
Q

What are the 3 phases of the stretch shortening cycle?

A

First is the eccentric or loading phase, followed by the amortization phase (transition phase) and then immediately followed by the concentric phase.

When given the right stimulus, skeletal muscle can gain the ability to take advantage of the additional energy created in the loading phase (stretching the rubber band) and release it in the concentric phase.

62
Q

What is muscle fascia?

A

Connective tissue that attaches, supports, encloses, and separates muscles from other muscles and internal organs.

NCCPT EXAM PREP (8 decks)

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