Functional Anatomy [Applied Science 25%]

Question 1

What is an agonist?

Answer 1

The primary muscle (prime mover) used for a mechanical movement.

Question 2

What are synergists?

Answer 2

The secondary mover. Muscle(s) supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover.

Question 3

What is an antagonist?

Answer 3

Muscle(s) opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover.

Question 4

What is Sherrington’s law of reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 4

Antagonism explained. A law that states that for every muscle activation, there is a corresponding inhibition of the opposing muscle.

Question 5

What is length-tensions relationship?

Answer 5

The amount of tension a muscle can produce with respect to its length.

Question 6

What is force-couple relationship?

Answer 6

Two or more muscles acting in different directions that influence the rotation of a joint in a specific direction. (i.e. tricep & bicep)

Question 7

What are muscle synergies?

Answer 7

The activation of a group of muscles to generate movement around a particular joint.

Muscles working together.

Question 8

What are stabilizer muscles?

Answer 8

The muscles playing the role of stabilizing or minimizing joint movement.

Question 9

What is origin of a muscle?

Answer 9

Where muscle attaches to a bone, closest to the midline of the body (proximal).

Question 10

What is insertion of a muscle?

Answer 10

The opposite end of the muscle, the distal end (farther from the midline).

The distal muscular attachment point to a bone.

Question 11

What does anterior mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 11

In front of.

Example, the sternum is anterior to the heart because it lies in front of it.

Question 12

What does posterior mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 12

Behind.

The heart is posterior to the sternum because it lies behind it.

Question 13

What does lateral mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 13

Away from the midline.

Example, the eye is lateral to the nose.

Question 14

What does medial mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 14

Toward the midline.

Example, the nose is medial to the ears.

Question 15

What does superior mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 15

Higher than.

Example, the nose is superior to the mouth.

Question 16

What does inferior mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 16

Lower than, or below.

Example, the mouth is inferior to the nose.

Question 17

What does proximal mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 17

Closer to its origin (position of a structure with reference to its origin).

Example, the knee joint is proximal to the ankle joint

Question 18

What does distal mean in relation to anatomical terms of location?

Answer 18

Further away (position of a structure with reference to its origin).

Example, the wrist joint is distal to the elbow joint.

Question 19

How do the skeletal and muscular system work together to create movement?

Answer 19

Vertebrates move by the actions of muscles on bones. Tendons attach many skeletal muscles across joints allowing muscle contraction to move the bones across the joint.

Question 20

What does it mean for a muscle to be rectus?

Answer 20

The muscle fibers go straight up & down (vertical).

Question 21

What does it mean for a muscle to be oblique?

Answer 21

The muscle fibers run diagonally.

Question 22

What does it mean for a muscle to be transverse?

Answer 22

The muscle fibers run horizontally.