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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscles are responsible for body movement including walking,
running, chewing.

A

Movement of the body

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2
Q

Skeletal muscles maintain tone keeping up <b>maintain position</b>.

A

Maintenance of posture

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3
Q

Skeletal muscles of the thorax and diaphragm help us <b>breathe.</b>

A

Respiration

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles <b>contract to product heat</b> to maintain body temperature.

A

Production of body heat

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5
Q

Involved in <b>speaking</b>, <b>writing</b>, typing and smiling.

A

Communication

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6
Q

Smooth muscles causes structures to constrict that help
propel food in the GIT, remove materials from organs and regulate blood flow.

A

Constriction of organs and vessels

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7
Q

<b>Cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat</b>, propelling blood to other parts
of the body.

A

Contraction of the heart.

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8
Q

the ability to
shorten forcibly.

A

Contractility

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9
Q

the ability to receive
and respond to stimuli.<br></br><br></br>For instance, if you decide to wave to a friend, the conscious
decision to lift your arm is sent via nerves

A

Excitability

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10
Q

the ability to be
stretched or extended

A

Extensibility

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11
Q

is the ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting
length after it has been stretched.<br></br><br></br>for instance, Taking a deep breath demonstrates elasticity because exhalation is simply the recoil of your
respiratory muscles back to the resting position, similar to
releasing a stretched rubberband.

A

Elasticity

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12
Q

is a <b>general term for connective tissue
sheets</b>; between adjacent muscles and between
muscles and skin

A

Fascia

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13
Q

one of the three primary types of muscular fascia; an overcoat of dense collagenous
connective tissue that <b>surrounds the entire muscle.</b>

A

Epimysium

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14
Q

one of the three muscular fascia fibrous connective tissue that
surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles
(bundles)

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

fine sheath of connective tissue
composed of reticular fibers surrounding each
muscle fiber; thin connective tissue enclosing each muscle.

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

serves as passageway for both
nerves and blood vessels.

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

specialized nerve cells that <b>stimulates
</b>skeletal muscle contractions; <b>originates from the brain
and spinal cord.</b>

A

Motor Neurons

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18
Q

contact point
between axons and muscle fibers; also called as synapses.

A

Neuromuscular junctions 

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19
Q

An _____ and one or two veins extend with the nerve
through the skeletal muscles

A

artery

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20
Q

is the plasma membrane of the fibers

A

Sarcolemma

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21
Q

also called as t tubles tubelike
inward folds of the sarcolemma that carry electrical
impulses into the center of the fiber so every unit
contracts in unison. They occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber and extend
inward, connecting the extracellular environment with the interior
of the muscle fiber

A

transverse tubules

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22
Q

highly specialized
smooth ER that stores Ca (upon release causes
contraction).

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

t tubules that lie next to an enlarged reticulum

A

Terminal cisternae

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24
Q

2 terminal cisternae + T-tubles

A

triad

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25
Q

cytoplasm of the muscle fibers

A

sarcoplasm

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26
Q

actin or myosin containin structure

A

myofilaments

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27
Q

thin filament

A

actin myofilament

28
Q

thick filament

A

myosin myofilament

29
Q

structural and functional unit of skeletal
muscles organized units of actin and myosin filaments Smallest portion of muscle that can contract

A

sarcomeres

30
Q

(sarcomers)anchor for actin myofilaments

A

Z disks

31
Q

(sarcomers) lighter-staining regions that contain only actin myofilaments

A

I bands

32
Q

(sarcomers) central; darker-staining region; <b>containing both </b>myofilaments except the center

A

A band

33
Q

(sarcomers)center of A band that only <b>contains </b>myosin myofilaments

A

H zone

34
Q

(SARCOMERES) middle of the H zone that <b>holds </b>the myofilaments in place

A

M zone

35
Q

(sarcomers) – a protein aside from actin and myosin that <b>gives the muscle ability to stretch and recoil</b>; <b>largest protein in
humans</b>

A

Titin

36
Q

also known as “G actin” forms into strains <b>to
become Fibrous Actin.</b>

A

Globular actin

37
Q

receptor sites
for myosin microfilament

A

F Actin

38
Q

– cover the active sites on the G
actin subunits

A

Tropomyosin

39
Q

•Anchors the troponin to actin
<br></br>• Prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the
G actin sites in a relaxed muscle<br></br> • Bind with Ca

A

Troponin

40
Q

re composed of many elongated <b>myosin
molecules</b> shaped like golf clubs. consists of about 300 myosin
molecules arranged so that about 150 of them have their <b>heads
</b>projecting toward each end.

A

Myosin myofilaments

41
Q

Bind to active sites on actin molecules to form
cross bridges

A

Myosin heads

42
Q

<span>the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies</span>

A

Neuromuscular junction

43
Q

<span>axon terminal with synaptic vesicles.<br></br></span><br></br>synaptic cleft > Postsynaptic
membrane

A

Presynaptic terminal

44
Q

also known as “<b>ach</b>”,  <b>neurotransmitter</b>, a type of
ligand

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

gap <b>between </b>the time of <b>stimulus
application</b> to the motor neuron and the beginning
contraction.

A

Lag phase

46
Q

<span>time during which the muscle relaxes.<br></br></span><br></br>concentration of CA in the
sarcoplasm decreases slowly into the SR.

A

Relaxation phase

47
Q

Muscle contraction is measured as a force = ____

A

Tension

48
Q

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action
potential along its motor neuron of muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.

A

Muscle Twitch

49
Q

constant amount of tension whiledecreasing the length of the muscle.

A

Isotonic contractions

50
Q

increase in muscle tension but no change in muscle length. no movement in this type of contraction.

example: Holding a plank position or pressing against an immovable object.

A

Isometric contraction

<img></img>

<img></img>

Isometric contraction

<img></img>

<img></img>

51
Q

isotonic contractions in which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens.

causes the muscle to shorten as it contracts.

A

concentric contractions

<img></img>

<img></img>

Eccentric contraction

<img></img>

<img></img>

52
Q

525d993fee034a79b293e3771aec0b8a-ao-1

A

<span>isotonic contractions in which muscle tension <b>increases </b>as the muscle shortens.<br></br></span><br></br><span>causes the muscle to shorten as it contracts.</span>

<img></img>

<img></img>

<img></img>

<img></img>

53
Q

amount of force in one muscle fiber.<br></br><br></br><span>individual muscles contract more forcefully, rapidly stimulating individual muscle fibers prevents relaxation and detachment of cross bridges</span>

A

Summation

54
Q

amount of force in a <b>whole </b>muscle.<br></br><br></br><span>the more motor units contracting, the faster and more muscle fibers has prolonged contraction</span>

A

Recruitment

55
Q
  • an increase in the force of contraction during the first few contractions of a rested muscle.

-occurs in a muscle fiber that has rested for a prolonged period
The stimulus frequency must allow the muscle fiber to completely relax followed by an immediate stimulation

-For athletes, the treppe during warm-up can contribute to improved muscle frequency

-When the frequency of stimulation is beyond what caused treppe, the muscle fiber will contract with even greater force until maximum force with no relaxation is achieved.

A

Treppe

56
Q

does not require O2, breaks down glucose to produce ATP and lactate.

A

Anaerobic respiration

57
Q

occurs mostly in mitochondria requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2 and H2O

A

Aerobic respiration

58
Q

Refers to a temporary state of
reduced work capacity.

A

Muscle fatigue

59
Q

state of fatigue that occurs when there is too little ATP to bind to myosin filaments.

too little ATP to bind myosin, cross-bridges cannot be broken and muscles cannot relax

A

Physiological contracture

60
Q

rigid muscles after death, no ATP for release of myosin heads.

A

Rigor mortis

61
Q

involves the CNS rather than the
muscles.

A

Psychological fatigue

62
Q

contract more slowly than skeletal muscle cells when stimulated by neurotransmitters from the CNS and do not develop oxygen deficit.

Actin and myosin filaments are organized as loose bundles instead of as sarcomeres

A

Smooth muscle

63
Q

the frequency of
contraction also increases until a period of sustained contraction called _____

A

Tetanus

64
Q

muscle to bone

A

tendons

65
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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