anaphy_ nervous system (pt. 2)

Question 1

What is the brain contained in?

Answer 1

The brain is contained in the cranial cavity.

Question 2

What are the main components of the brain?

Answer 2

The brain consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.

Question 3

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 3

The medulla oblongata is the respiratory center of the brain.

Question 4

What is the structure of the cerebrum’s cortex?

Answer 4

The cortex of the cerebrum is folded into ridges called gyri and grooves called sulci or fissures.

Question 5

What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?

Answer 5

The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

Question 6

How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebrum have?

Answer 6

Each hemisphere has 5 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula.

Question 7

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?

Answer 7

The frontal lobe is involved in involuntary motor function, motivation, aggression, the sense of smell, and mood.

Question 8

What does the parietal lobe contain?

Answer 8

The parietal lobe contains major sensory areas receiving sensory input such as touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste.

Question 9

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

Answer 9

The occipital lobes contain the visual centers.

Question 10

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

Answer 10

The temporal lobe evaluates smell and hearing input and is involved in memory, abstract thought, and judgment.

Question 11

Where is the insula located and what is its function?

Answer 11

The insula is located deep within the lateral fissure and is associated with processing and integration of taste sensation, visceral sensation, pain sensation, and vestibular function.

Question 12

What does the limbic system include?

Answer 12

The limbic system includes parts of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex.

Question 13

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 13

The limbic system is involved in memory, reproduction, nutrition, and emotional interpretation of sensory input.

Question 14

What are the three layers of meninges covering the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 14

The three layers are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Question 15

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Answer 15

CSF helps cushion the brain and is produced from blood in the choroid plexus of each ventricle.

Question 16

How does blood supply to the brain function?

Answer 16

The brain requires a large amount of blood to function normally, receiving 15%-20% of the blood pumped by the heart.

Question 17

How are cranial nerves designated?

Answer 17

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are designated by Roman numerals (I-XII) or specific names.

Question 18

What mnemonic helps identify the cranial nerves in order?

Answer 18

The mnemonic is: On Occasion Our Trusty Acts Funny; Very Good Vehicle Any How.

Question 19

What are the two types of general functions of cranial nerves?

Answer 19

The two types are sensory and motor.

Question 20

What are brainstem reflexes?

Answer 20

Brainstem reflexes are mediated through the brainstem and can indicate nonfunctionality when reflexes at all levels are nonfunctional.

Question 21

What does the diencephalon consist of?

Answer 21

The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.

Question 22

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 22

The thalamus functions as an integration center for sensory input, except for the sense of smell.

Question 23

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 23

The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body, important for homeostasis.

Question 24

What are the components of the brainstem?

Answer 24

The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

Question 25

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 25

The cerebellum is involved in balance, coordination, and fine motor control.

Question 26

What is the spinal cord's role?

Answer 26

The spinal cord is a major communication link between the brain and the PNS and participates in reflex mechanisms.

Question 27

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 27

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 28

What are the three meningeal layers surrounding the spinal cord?

Answer 28

The three layers are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Question 29

What are reflexes?

Answer 29

Reflexes are stereotypic, unconscious, involuntary responses to stimuli that maintain homeostasis.

Question 30

What are somatic reflexes?

Answer 30

Somatic reflexes are mediated through the somatic motor nervous system and include responses that remove the body from painful stimuli.

Question 31

What are the major spinal nerve plexuses?

Answer 31

The major plexuses are cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Question 32

What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Answer 32

The somatic nervous system is controlled consciously and extends to skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system is controlled unconsciously and affects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Question 33

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 33

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

Question 34

What is sensation?

Answer 34

Sensation is the conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors.

Question 35

What are the types of sensory receptors?

Answer 35

Types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors.

Question 36

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 36

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

Question 37

What are the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 37

The primary sensory areas include somatic sensory, visual, auditory, taste, and olfactory.

Question 38

What areas of the brain are involved in speech?

Answer 38

Wernicke's area comprehends and formulates speech, while Broca's area sends impulses for muscle movements required for speech.

Question 39

What are the different types of brain waves?

Answer 39

Types of brain waves include alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.

Question 40

What are the kinds of memory?

Answer 40

Kinds of memory include sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

Question 41

What effects does aging have on the nervous system?

Answer 41

Aging leads to a general decline in sensory and motor functions, decreased short-term memory, but thinking ability generally does not decrease.