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Anatomy and Physiology > anaphy_ nervous system (pt. 2) > Flashcards

anaphy_ nervous system (pt. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain contained in?

A

The brain is contained in the cranial cavity.

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2
Q

What are the main components of the brain?

A

The brain consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.

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3
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

The medulla oblongata is the respiratory center of the brain.

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4
Q

What is the structure of the cerebrum’s cortex?

A

The cortex of the cerebrum is folded into ridges called gyri and grooves called sulci or fissures.

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5
Q

What divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

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6
Q

How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebrum have?

A

Each hemisphere has 5 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula.

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7
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?

A

The frontal lobe is involved in involuntary motor function, motivation, aggression, the sense of smell, and mood.

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8
Q

What does the parietal lobe contain?

A

The parietal lobe contains major sensory areas receiving sensory input such as touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste.

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9
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

The occipital lobes contain the visual centers.

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10
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe evaluates smell and hearing input and is involved in memory, abstract thought, and judgment.

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11
Q

Where is the insula located and what is its function?

A

The insula is located deep within the lateral fissure and is associated with processing and integration of taste sensation, visceral sensation, pain sensation, and vestibular function.

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12
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

The limbic system includes parts of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex.

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13
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

The limbic system is involved in memory, reproduction, nutrition, and emotional interpretation of sensory input.

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14
Q

What are the three layers of meninges covering the brain and spinal cord?

A

The three layers are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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15
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

CSF helps cushion the brain and is produced from blood in the choroid plexus of each ventricle.

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16
Q

How does blood supply to the brain function?

A

The brain requires a large amount of blood to function normally, receiving 15%-20% of the blood pumped by the heart.

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17
Q

How are cranial nerves designated?

A

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are designated by Roman numerals (I-XII) or specific names.

18
Q

What mnemonic helps identify the cranial nerves in order?

A

The mnemonic is: On Occasion Our Trusty Acts Funny; Very Good Vehicle Any How.

19
Q

What are the two types of general functions of cranial nerves?

A

The two types are sensory and motor.

20
Q

What are brainstem reflexes?

A

Brainstem reflexes are mediated through the brainstem and can indicate nonfunctionality when reflexes at all levels are nonfunctional.

21
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.

22
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus functions as an integration center for sensory input, except for the sense of smell.

23
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body, important for homeostasis.

24
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

25
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is involved in balance, coordination, and fine motor control.

26
Q

What is the spinal cord’s role?

A

The spinal cord is a major communication link between the brain and the PNS and participates in reflex mechanisms.

27
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

28
Q

What are the three meningeal layers surrounding the spinal cord?

A

The three layers are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

29
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are stereotypic, unconscious, involuntary responses to stimuli that maintain homeostasis.

30
Q

What are somatic reflexes?

A

Somatic reflexes are mediated through the somatic motor nervous system and include responses that remove the body from painful stimuli.

31
Q

What are the major spinal nerve plexuses?

A

The major plexuses are cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

32
Q

What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A

The somatic nervous system is controlled consciously and extends to skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system is controlled unconsciously and affects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

33
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

34
Q

What is sensation?

A

Sensation is the conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors.

35
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors?

A

Types of sensory receptors include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors.

36
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

37
Q

What are the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

The primary sensory areas include somatic sensory, visual, auditory, taste, and olfactory.

38
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in speech?

A

Wernicke’s area comprehends and formulates speech, while Broca’s area sends impulses for muscle movements required for speech.

39
Q

What are the different types of brain waves?

A

Types of brain waves include alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.

40
Q

What are the kinds of memory?

A

Kinds of memory include sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

41
Q

What effects does aging have on the nervous system?

A

Aging leads to a general decline in sensory and motor functions, decreased short-term memory, but thinking ability generally does not decrease.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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