Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MODULE 2 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

MUSCLE FIBERS

A

Thread like shapes that run length of entire muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

EXCITABILITY

A

The ability to respond to a stimulus, usually a motor neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CONTRACTILITY

A

The ability of muscle fibres to shorten.
(Ex: to flex the elbow, the biceps muscle must contract.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EXTENSIBILITY

A

The ability of muscle fibres to lengthen or stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ELASTICITY

A

The ability of muscle fibres to return to pre-contraction after lengthening or stretching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FASCICULLI

A

Group of muscle fibres bundled together within a muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SACROLEMMA

A

The cell membrane.
Encases is cytoplasm and organelles.
Folds in the sacrolemma called motor end plates contain receptors for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SACROPLASM

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell.
Intracellular fluid.
Surrounds organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

Fluid filled system of cavities that contain calcium ions (stores and releases calcium ions, which are important in muscle contraction.)
System of interconnected, hollow tubes surrounding myofibrils.
How we move things around.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T-TUBULES

A

Transverse tubules.
Channels within sacrolemma; helps spread nerve impulse .
Extends transversely across Sacrolemma, brands out to all parts of the muscle fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MYOFIBRILS

A

The slender fibres that contain repeating compartments, called sarcomeres.
Structure containing myofilaments. Myofibrils make up fasciculi bundles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SARCOMERES

A

Contractile unit of a muscle.
Contain thick and thin strands called myofilaments/filaments. These are actin and myosin.
Make up myofibrils. Stacked end to end in continuous chain of repeating compartments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ACTIN

A

Thin filaments made of Actin, tropomyosin, troponin. (Proteins).
Actin is strung together, like a twisted double strand of beads.
Attached to Z lines and extend toward the centre of a sarcomere.
LOVE calcium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MYOSIN

A

Thick filaments made of myosin protein, which motors the contraction of muscle fibers.
In the centre of sarcomere; not attached to the Z lines.
Myosin heads, stick out from the bundles and angle toward thin filaments.
LOVE Actin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

I BANDS

A

Isotropic bands. Actin only.
Combined thin filaments.
Surround the Z lines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Z LINES

A

Ends of the sarcomere. Boarders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

H BAND/ZONE

A

Centre of sarcomere, myosin only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A BANDS

A

Actin and myosin overlapping.
Run the entire length of thick filaments and include the H zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

EPIMYSIUM

A

Connective tissue covering.
Wraps around the entire muscle or muscle group.
Allows it to contract while maintaining structural integrity.
A.k.a. deep fascia; continuous with superficial fascia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PERIMYSIUM

A

Connective tissue covering.
Covers fasciculi.
Middle connective tissue layer surrounds each fascicle. This arrangement allows the nervous system to produce specific movements by activating only parts of a muscle.
Provides both vascularization and innervation of the muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ENDOMYSIUM

A

Connective tissue covering.
Wraps around individual muscle fibers.
Thin inner layer of connective tissue that lies against the sarcolemma.
The first link in the transference of force, or pull on tendons, and ultimately bone, to produce movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TENDONS

A

Attaches muscle to bone; cord-like dense bands of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

APONEUROSIS

A

Brad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscles to other muscles, or to superficial fascia under the skin.
Serves the same function as tendons just differ in shape.

24
Q

FASCIA

A

Not contractile. 
Sheets of connective tissue, enveloping the body beneath the skin and enclosing muscle and nerve cells, and compartmentalizing muscle into groups, and provide their attachment to bone and other structures. 

25
Q

RETINACULUM

A

Retaining bands for tendons.
A band of connective tissue surrounding tendons to help keep them in place. Not part of a muscle.
Function is to stabilize tendons, acts as pulleys.
Found primarily around knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists.

26
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A

Synaptic connection between the sarcolemma of a myofibril and motor neuron. 

27
Q

MOTOR NEURON

A

This presynaptic structure transmits impulses from the nervous system to muscle fibers. Synaptic vesicles at terminal ends of the motor neuron are filled with ACH THE NEUROTRANSMITTER OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

28
Q

SYNAPTIC GAP

A

Synapse.
Space between the motor neuron in the motor end plate. When activated ACH is released from the motor neurons synaptic vesicles, crosses, synaptic, gap, and attaches to receptor sites on the motor end plate. 

29
Q

MOTOR END PLATE

A

Post synaptic structure involves folded sections of the sarcolemma. Motor end plate contains receptor sites for ACH released by the motor neuron. 

30
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION/PROPAGATION OF THE NERVE IMPULSE

A

ACH cross is synaptic cleft to the sarcolemma and binds with receptor sites on motor end plate which causes excitation of the muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma is excited and impulse is carried in to the cell via T tubules into the SR , which causes calcium to be released into SR. 

31
Q

CONTRACTION

A

Occurs when myosin heads bind to Actin, causing the thin filaments to slide past the thick filaments (this sliding only happens in presence of calcium). Myosin is chemically attracted to actin.
Troponins and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins, which cover actins binding sites, preventing myosin from attaching. when calcium enters sarcomere these proteins become displaced and expose the binding sites and allow cross bridging.
Myosin heads are hinged at their base, and once binding sites are exposed, myosin attaches to actin and slides it toward the centre of the sarcomere, or H zone. This is called the power stroke. 

32
Q

CONTRACTION CONTINUED

A

If ATP IS PRESENT, MYOSIN HEADS, DETACH FROM ACTIN, TOGGLE BACK TO THEIR ORIGINAL POSITION, THEN ATTACHED TO THE NEXT EXPOSED BINDING SITE ON ACTON, AND REPEAT THE POWER STROKE.
IF CALCIUM IS PRESENT, POWER STROKES, CONTINUE. 

33
Q

RELAXATION

A

Immediately, after SR releases calcium in to the sarcoplasm, it is actively pumped back into the SR. Within milliseconds, much of the calcium is recovered.
Freed from calcium bonds, troponin and tropomyosin slide back and cover Actin binding sites. This action causes myosin heads to return to their pre-contraction state. Muscle is now at rest.
Massage can flush excess calcium from the muscle that results from a tear or injury and trigger spasms.

34
Q

ENERGY SOURCES FOR CONTRACTION

A

ATP: produced by body cells/mitochondria. Body breaks down glucose to produce more.
Oxygen and glucose: required for skeletal muscle contraction. 

35
Q

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

A

One of the two stages of glycolysis. Doesn’t contribute much energy, and product is lactic acid. 

36
Q

AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

A

Stage of glycolysis.
Oxygen is brought in; CO2 is expelled.
Process can continue as long as enough oxygen is available through cellular respiration. 

37
Q

ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS

A

Dynamic contractions.
Concentric, eccentric. (sub classifications.)
Tone or attention within a muscle remains the same as the length of the muscle changes. 

38
Q

CONCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS

A

An isotonic contraction.
Contraction of muscle shortening.
Example: shortening of biceps brachii during elbow flexion. 

39
Q

ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

A

Isotonic contraction.
Contraction of muscle lengthening, oppose concentric contraction’s, and serve to control movements and protect joints.
Example: lengthening of biceps brachii during elbow extension.
Are actually working harder. 

40
Q

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

A

Static contraction.
Muscle length remains the same lol. Muscle tension increases.
Does not involve movement.
Example: holding yoga poses.

41
Q

SLOW TWITCH

A

Type of skeletal muscle fiber.
Type one, red muscle.
Fatigue resistant, reacts at a slow rate, good blood supply, produce ATP fast enough to meet needs.
Greater capacity for slow or sustained contraction, and take longer to fatigue.
Postural or core muscles. 

42
Q

FAST TWITCH

A

Type of skeletal muscle fiber.
Type two; white muscle.
Contain little myoglobin, contract, rapidly, fatigue quickly.
More suited for movement, contract faster for shorter periods of time.
Phasic or dynamic muscle. 

43
Q

INTERMEDIATE

A

Type of skeletal muscle fiber.
Pink muscle. Classified between slow and fast twitch muscles; contains large amounts of myoglobin, mitochondria, and numerous capillaries.

44
Q

CONVERGENT

A

Muscle fibre arrangement.
Convergent muscles have fibre is joining at one end, and spreading out like a fan on the other end to cover a large area, allowing for more varieties of movement.
Triangular.
Example: pectoralis major.

45
Q

SPIRAL

A

Muscle fibre arrangement.
Muscles twist between their points of attachment.
Example: latissimus dorsi (lower back).

46
Q

CIRCULAR

A

Muscle fibre arrangement.
Muscles have a rounded fibre arrangement, and cause an opening to become smaller.
Example: orbicularis oris (opening of mouth).

47
Q

PENNATE AND TYPES

A

Muscle Fibre arrangement.
Muscles have muscle fibers, emerging diagonally from one or more central tendency; giving feather like look. Muscle fibres pull on tendons at an angle.
Unipennate: fibres are on the same side of the tendon.
Bipennate: fibres arranged on both sides of a tendon.
Multipennate: these muscles have several tendon branches within the muscle with fibres running diagonally between them.

48
Q

AGONIST

A

Prime Mover. Muscle causing a specific action.
Caused the desired action. 

49
Q

SYNERGIST

A

Muscle aiding by causing the same movement ask the agonist.
Tend to be near prime movers, and a similar in size.

50
Q

ANTAGONIST

A

Muscle opposing the agonist. Performs opposite action.
Lengthen while agonist and synergist shorten to produce movement.
Usually lie on opposite side of moving joint and create the opposite action when they were first rolls with prime mover. 

51
Q

STRETCHING

A

Opposite of contraction.
Stretch length factors: genetics, physiology of joint and surrounding structures, tension and extensibility.
Proprioceptor stimulated during stretch: muscle spindles detect, if a muscle is stretched, too fast, or too far, resulting in a signal to contract.
Golgi tendon organs detect slow, static tension. They respond by preventing contraction, resulting in relaxation.

52
Q

ATROPHY

A

Muscular pathology.
Loss of muscle mass from lack of use, poor nutrition, or inadequate nerve innervation.

53
Q

CONTRACTURE

A

Muscular pathology.
Joint condition in which a muscle is fixed in a flexed contraction.

54
Q

MUSCLE SPASM

A

Muscular pathology.
Increasing muscle tension with or without shortening that results in rigid zones.

55
Q

SPASTICITY

A

Muscular pathology.
Increased muscle tone or stiffness; resists stretching. Generalized, recurring spasms and tightness. Usually caused by neurological dysfunction. Example: multiple sclerosis. 

MODULE 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions