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Fitness Theory > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscles

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2
Q

Myoglobin

A

Found in muscle cells, it functions as an oxygen-storage unit, providing oxygen to the working muscles

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3
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover

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4
Q

Connected tissue

A

Binds together bone, muscle and joints such as cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

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5
Q

Myofascia

A

Connected tissue that secures muscle fibres and large muscles together (cobwebs)

-contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, filling space between muscles

-insulates muscle fibres from one another’s electrical activity (impulses)

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6
Q

3 Layers of Myofascia

A
  1. Epimysium
    -Covered by 1st connected fascia layer
    -Surrounds entire muscle
  2. Perimysium
    -Covered by 2nd connected fascia layer
    -Surrounds fasciculi (bundles of muscle fibres) eg: Ponytail
  3. Endomysium
    -Covered by 3rd connected fascia layer
    -surrounds individual muscle fibre eg: strand of hair
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7
Q

Fasciculi/ Fasicicle

A

Bundles of muscle

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8
Q

Myofascial Massage

A

Rolling of skin/muscle using foam roller to breakdown adhesions between muscle to improve blood and lymph circulation and nerve function

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9
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone and continuations of fascia layers

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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A

sheet like tendon that connects large muscle structures

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11
Q

Synovial Tendon Sheaths

A

Encircle tendons that need additional lubrication (shoulder / knee)

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12
Q

Bursae

A

Synovial padding, like a pillow protecting boney areas (kneecap, elbow, hip, shoulder)

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13
Q

6 Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Body movement
  2. Stabilize posture
  3. Regulate organ volume
  4. Move substances within the body
  5. Generates heat
  6. Protects organs
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14
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue (4)

A
  1. Electrical excitability
    Ability to respond to stimuli
  2. Contractility
    Ability of muscle to develop tension and produce force
    —Isometric contraction: tension without movement (jaw)
    —Isotonic contraction: develops tension when shortening/lengthening (arm curl)
  3. Extensibility
    Ability for muscle to be extended without damage to tissue
  4. Elasticity
    The ability for muscle to return to original shape after contraction or stretch
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15
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Tension of muscle without movement (jaw)

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16
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle that develops tension when shortening/lengthening (arm curl)

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17
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Cardiac muscle (striated) involuntary muscle tissue forms wall of heart
  2. Smooth, visceral muscle tissue in the internal organs that is involuntary
  3. Striated/ Skeletal
    Muscle tissue Attaches to skeletal that is voluntary
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18
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue that forms the wall of heart

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19
Q

Perimysium

A

Connected muscle tissue that surrounds fascicles from one another and binds muscle fibre together
eg: Ponytail

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20
Q

Epimysium/ Epimisium

A

Layer of myofascia that surrounds entire muscle

21
Q

Endomysium

A

Each muscle fibre is encased in a connected sheath called endomysium and is made up of thousands of smaller fibrils called myofibrils

Layer of myofascia that surrounds individual muscle fibre
eg: strand of hair

22
Q

Muscle Belly

A

Entire muscle as a whole (biceps)

23
Q

Fascicles

A

Each fascicle bundle contains thousands of muscle fibres (eg: ponytail)

24
Q

Muscle Fibre/ Muscle Cell

A

Long, thin fibre (eg: single strand of hair)

25
Q

Myofibril

A

Smaller than muscle fibre, hundreds inside muscle fibre (eg: chain)

26
Q

Sarcomere

A

is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber with each composed of two main protein filaments—actin and myosin—which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction.

Smallest contractile unit of a myofibril, sacromere is linked together like a chain to make one myofibril (1cm=4500 sacromere of myofibril)

27
Q

Myofilaments

A

2 protein filaments found within sarcomere (actin & myosin)

28
Q

Actin & Myosin

A

2 small myofilaments inside the sarcomere responsible for muscle contraction

29
Q

Muscle Tissue Components (6 large to small)

A

Largest to smallest:
1. Muscle belly
2. Fascicle
3. Muscle fibre
4. Myofibril
5. Sarcomere
6. Myosin & Actin

30
Q

Z Line

A

Where 2 Sarcomere attach within a muscle

31
Q

Actin Myofilament (sarcomere 1)

A

Thinner Sarcomere that slides past myosin / gets pulled by myosin

32
Q

Myosin Myofilament (sarcomere 2)

A

Linked together like box cars on a train, represents myofibril, that is thick and anchored in sarcomere, and pulls Z Lines together

33
Q

Myocytes

A

Muscle fibres/ muscle cells that are bundled together and organized into separate bundles

34
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Body fuel made from food nutrients such as carbs, fats, protein

35
Q

ATP-CP (Creatine Phosphate)

A

Explosive/ high intensity /0-30 sec

36
Q

Anaerobic Glycolytic

A

30secs-4 minutes/ glucose can extend higher intensity / fatigue indicates build up of lactic acid

37
Q

Aerobic glycolytic

A

Activity lasting 4-30 mins / burns oxygen & glucose

38
Q

Beta oxidation

A

process where fatty acid molecules are broken down to produce energy. More specifically, beta oxidation consists in breaking down long fatty acids that have been converted to acyl-CoA chains into progressively smaller fatty acyl-CoA chains.

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria job is to process oxygen and convert substances from food into energy, they produce 90% of energy bodies need to function.

40
Q

Insertion

A

Insertion of a muscle is usually the distal attachment and moves with the bone during contraction

41
Q

Nerve stimulus

A

Controls muscle

42
Q

EPOC

A

Muscle fatigue / Excessive post exercise oxygen consumption/ can’t produce ATP / after burn from intense exercise

43
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in size of muscle fibre

44
Q

Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy

A

Muscle appears bigger because greater amount of fluid and glycogen stored inside (can last 1-3 days)

45
Q

Transient Hypertrophy

A

Quick increase in muscle size “muscle pump” (lasts 1-3 hours)

46
Q

Myofibrillar Hypertrophy

A

Muscle is bigger because it has more Myofibrils

47
Q

Muscular Atrophy

A

Shrinking of muscles

48
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

Process used for muscles to contract /when actin myofilaments slide past myosin myofilaments during muscle contraction

49
Q

Difference between Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the SIZE of muscle fibers, whereas hyperplasia refers to splitting of the muscle fibre for an increase in the NUMBER

Fitness Theory (15 decks)

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