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Level 3 BTEC Sport Unit 1 Anatomy & Physiology (Next Phase Academy) > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the adaptations of the muscular system to exercise?

A

Hypertrophy
Increase tendon strength
Increase in mitochondria
Increase in myoglobin
Increase in glycogen storage
Improved use of energy sources
Increase tolerance to lactate

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2
Q

How long can cramp last?

A

Usually between a few seconds up to 10 minutes.

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3
Q

What function does the Obliques do?

A

Lateral flexion of the trunk/Twist

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4
Q

What happens to your muscles as you get older?

A
  • Muscle mass will decrease
  • Onset of muscle mass loss begins around 50 and is known as ‘sarcopenia’
  • Muscles result in a decrease in muscle strength and power.
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5
Q

What function does the Bicep do?

A

Flex the elbow

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6
Q

The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to happen?

A

Antagonist

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7
Q

Define the isometric contraction with an example?

A

Muscle length stays the same. Holding the press-up position.

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8
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

When the agonist contracts, the antagonist relaxes. An example is the Bicep Curl (Bicep = Agonist, Tricep = Antagonist)

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9
Q

What function does the Glutes do?

A

Extends the hip

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10
Q

Which type of muscle fibre contracts fast, a medium force of production, usually aerobic & anaerobic and medium resistance to fatigue?

A

Type IIa (Fast Twitch)

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11
Q

Define the eccentric muscle contraction with an example?

A

Muscle length decreases/lengthens e.g. Triceps lengthen when flexing the arm.

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12
Q

Describe the All or None Law

A

For a motor unit to contract, it must receive an impulse/signal. All muscles fibres must contract or none of the muscles fibres contract.

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13
Q

Type IIa characteristics and sporting examples?

A

Contract fast
Medium force of contraction
Aerobic & Anaerobic
Medium resistance to fatigue
Pink

Middle distance events like 400m, Tennis rally, gymnastic floor routine.

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14
Q

Name the process of breaking down glucose without oxygen to produce energy

A

Anaerobic respiration

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15
Q

Name the responses of the muscular system to a single exercise session?

A

Increased blood supply
Increase in muscle temperature
Increased in muscle pliability
Lactate accumulation
Microtears
Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)

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16
Q

The organelles (parts of cells) in the body where aerobic respiration takes place is called? (creates 38 ATP)

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Which type of muscle fibre contracts very fast, a high force of production, usually anaerobic and low resistance to fatigue?

A

Type IIx (Very Fast Twitch)

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18
Q

Name the process of producing energy using oxygen, where energy is released from glucose

A

Aerobic respiration

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19
Q

Known as the positive phase of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric Contraction

20
Q

Define the concentric muscle contraction with an example?

A

Muscle length increases/shortens e.g. Triceps shorten when extending the arm.

21
Q

Name all the major posterior muscles

A

Deltoids
Trapezuis
Tricep
Latismus Dorsi
Wrist Extensor
Erector Spinae
Gluteals (2 muscles)
1. Gluteus Medius
2. Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings (see three below)
1. Biceps Femoris
2. Semimembranosus
3. Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

22
Q

Name the three types of muscle fibres?

A

Type I (Slow Twitch)
Type IIa (Fast Twitch)
Type IIx (Very Fast Twitch)

23
Q

Which type of muscle is unconsciously controlled, and control the bodily functions such as blood and food?

A

Smooth

24
Q

Type IIx characteristics and sporting examples?

A

Contract very fast
High force of contraction
Anaerobic
Low resistance to fatigue
White

Power events like 100m, shot put, javelin, power lifting.

25
Q

Name all the major anterior muscles

A

Deltoids
Pectorals
Biceps
Wrist Flexors
Supernators
Pronators
Obliques
Abdominals
Hip Flexors
Quadriceps (See four below)
1. Vastus Lateralis
2. Rectus Femoris
3. Vastus Intermedius
4. Vastus Medialis
Tibialis anterior

26
Q

Which type of muscle fibre contracts slowly, a lower force of production, usually aerobic and high resistance to fatigue?

A

Type I (Slow Twitch)

27
Q

What function does the Abdominals do?

A

Flex the spine

28
Q

Which type of muscle is unconsciously controlled, does not fatigue and only found in the walls of the heart?

A

Cardiac

29
Q

A muscle or group of muscles that work with the active muscle to generate movement is the..?

A

Synergist

30
Q

What function does the Supinators do?

A

Face the palm up

31
Q

Name the three types of muscle contractions?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

32
Q

Known as the negative phase of muscle contraction - often occurs when movement is under load or gravity?

A

Eccentric Contraction

33
Q

Which type of muscle is consciously controlled, fatigue during exercise, and pull on bones to create movement?

A

Skeletal

34
Q

What function does the Hamstring do?

A

Flexes the knee

35
Q

Where your body uses energy without oxygen/activity

A

Anaerobic activity

36
Q

Name three types of Muscle

A

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

37
Q

A muscle that is responsible for the movement taking place, the ‘prime mover’ is known as…?

A

Agonist

38
Q

Arteries/Veins, Bladder, Stomach, Intestines are examples of what type of muscle?

A

Smooth

39
Q

What function does the Gastrocnemius/Soleus do?

A

Plantarflexion

40
Q

Most common factor of cramp in sport?

A

Dehydration which results in inadequate supply of blood to the muscles, thus reducing oxygen intake and essential minerals.

41
Q

Biceps, Triceps, Deltoids and Gluteals are examples of what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal

42
Q

Describe what cramp is?

A

Sudden involuntary contraction of your muscle. It’s a spasm of where you have no control of muscle fibres tightening.

43
Q

Type I Characteristics and sporting examples?

A

Contract Slowly
Low force of contraction
Aerobic
High resistance to fatigue
Red

Endurance events like marathon, swimming, cycling

44
Q

Muscle contracts with little or no movement?

A

Isometric Contraction

45
Q

The muscle that acts as a stabiliser to stop any unwanted movement of the joint?

A

Fixator

Level 3 BTEC Sport Unit 1 Anatomy & Physiology (Next Phase Academy) (6 decks)

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