Muscular System Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Shortening of a muscle
A
Concentric muscle contraction
2
Q
Lengthening of a muscle
A
Eccentric muscle contraction
3
Q
A muscle contraction occurs, but no change in muscle length results
A
Isometric muscle contraction
4
Q
Muscle tension remains the same but the length of the muscle changes
A
Isotonic muscle contraction
5
Q
Increase in muscle size
A
Hypertrophy
6
Q
Decrease in muscle size
A
Atrophy
7
Q
Muscle(s) that are primarily responsible for movement around a joint
A
Agonist
8
Q
What is an alternate term for agonist muscles?
A
Prime movers
9
Q
Muscle(s) that act in opposition to the agonist muscles
A
Antagonist
10
Q
List and define the 3 types of muscle tissue
A
Cardiac muscle - located only in the heart and is solely responsible for contracting/relaxing the heart to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
Smooth muscle - involuntary muscles that surround organs for the purpose of protection against outside forces
Skeletal muscle - any muscle that is neither cardiac nor smooth and provides movement of the body
11
Q
List and define the 2 types of muscle contractions
A
Voluntary muscle contractions - are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and the origin of the contraction is a conscious thought by the brain
Involuntary muscle contraction - is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and occurs without conscious thought
12
Q
Describe hierarchy of a muscle fiber
A
Muscle fiber is made up of myofibrils
Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are made up of actin and myosin
13
Q
Contractile fiber that runs along the length of a muscle fiber
A
Myofibril
14
Q
The ability of a myofibril to contract is due to the .
A
sarcomere
15
Q
A unit within the myofibril that is responsible for muscle contraction
A
Sarcomere
16
Q
The functional unit of the muscle fiber
A
Sarcomere
17
Q
List the types of proteins in a sarcomere and their associated roles
A
actin, myosin - contractile
tropomyosin, troponin - regulatory
titin, myomesin - structural
18
Q
and produce a contraction and shorten the sarcomere
A
Actin
Myosin
19
Q
and allow or disallow the contractile process to take place
A
Tropomyosin
Troponin
20
Q
and keep the contractile filaments (actin and myosin) aligned
A
Titin
Myomesin
21
Q
A
22
Q
The shortening of the sarcomere, and therefore the muscle contraction, is caused by what is termed the .
A
sliding filament model
23
Q
The gain and loss of myonuclei within a muscle fiber is directly related to .
A
muscle fiber hypertrophy and atrophy
24
Q
List the 3 roles of satellite cells
A
Recovery from an injured muscle
Assist in muscle hypertrophy
Maintenance of muscle mass
25
List and define the 2 connection points of tendons to bones
Origin - where the tendon anchors to a non-moving bone
Insertion - where the tendon attaches to the bone that moves
26
List the primary classifications of muscle fibers
Fast twitch - Type II-A and II-B
Slow twitch - Type I
27
Oxidative muscle fiber
Type I
28
Fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fiber
Type II-A
29
Fast glycolytic muscle fiber
Type II-B
30
31
The degree of hypertrophy is largely determined by .
the type of muscle fiber
32
muscles produce more lactate than muscles.
Fast-twitch
slow-twitch
33
Henneman’s Size Principle
The hierarchy that determines which types of muscle fibers are recruited as the intensity of an exercise progress from low to high
34
When does the central nervous system recruit all three muscle types at the same time?
During explosive-type movements when the intensity is increased over a very short period and to a very high level
35
A muscle fiber contracts either or .
100%
not at all
36
What is the degree of muscle contraction based on and not based on?
The number of muscle fibers recruited to perform an action, not the degree of contraction per muscle fiber
37
Muscle fibers cannot change from Type I to Type II, but the of Type I fibers can increase.
contraction speed
38
is not a requirement for muscle rebuilding and strength increases to occur
Muscle damage
39
List and define the 4 primary characteristics of muscle
Excitability - responds to stimuli
Contractibility - shortens in length
Extensibility - stretches when pulled
Elasticity - returns to original shape and length after contraction
40
List the 3 primary functions of muscles
Heat production
Maintain posture
Movement
41
Of the three types of muscle tissues, only muscles have voluntary contractions
skeletal
42
and muscles rely upon the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to provide contractions.
Cardiac
smooth
43
connect muscle to bone
Tendons
44
connect bone to bone
Ligaments
45
What type of cartilage is important for movement?
Hyaline cartilage
46
Where is hyaline cartilage found and what does is do there?
It is found on the surfaces of most joints and protects the joints while acting as a barrier between bones
47
List the 5 types of connective tissue
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
labrum
fascia
48
Where is labrum tissue found and what is its purpose?
It is found around the edge of the shoulder and hip joints.
Its primary purpose is to keep the ball aspect of the humerus and femur within the shoulder and hip sockets
49
If tension on the fascia is too high, it can cause and as a result of
pain and postural abnormalities
restricted movement
50
The best way to think of fascia is
a weblike structure that permeates the whole body
51
A ‒ Pectoralis Minor
B ‒ Deltoid
C ‒ Serratus Anterior
D ‒ Biceps Brachii
E ‒ Brachioradialis
F ‒ Pectineus
G ‒ Adductor Longus
H ‒ Rectus Femoris
I ‒ Vastus Medialis
J ‒ Vastus Lateralis
K ‒ Gastrocnemius
L ‒ Soleus
M ‒ Pectoralis Major
N ‒ External Oblique
O ‒ Internal Oblique
P ‒ Rectus Abdominis
Q ‒ Transverse Abdominis
R ‒ Tensor Fasciae Latae
S ‒ Sartorius
T ‒ Gracilis
U ‒ Peroneals
V ‒ Tibialis Anterior
52
A ‒ Trapezius
B ‒ Rhomboid Minor
C ‒ Rhomboid Major
D ‒ Triceps
E ‒ Latissimus Dorsi
F ‒ External Oblique
G ‒ Semimembranosus
H ‒ Achilles Tendon
I ‒ Levator Scapulae
J ‒ Supraspinatus
K ‒ Infraspinatus
L ‒ Teres Major
M ‒ Teres Minor
N ‒ Erector Spinae
O ‒ Internal Oblique
P ‒ Gluteus Medius
Q ‒ Gluteus Maximus
R ‒ Semitendinosus
S ‒ Biceps Femoris
T ‒ Gastrocnemius
U ‒ Soleus
53
List the 5 primary inner core muscles
Multifidus (lumbar)
Pelvic Floor Muscles
Transverse Abdominis (TVA)
Internal Oblique
Diaphragm
54
What is the primary purpose of the core musculature?
Provide stability and rigidity to the area of the spine and pelvic region
55
List the 9 primary outer core muscles
Rectus Abdominis
External Obliques
Erector Spinae
Quadratus Lumborum
Iliopsoas (made up of Iliacus and Psoas)
Rectus Femoris
Hip Adductors
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
56
The primary function of the outer unit muscles is to provide , not .
movement
stabilization
57
What occurs when the outer core muscles become overactive?
They shut off the inner core muscles which reduces the amount of LPHC stabilization
58
The inner core muscles are the LPHC stabilizers, and the outer core muscles are the stabilizers.
primary
secondary
59
3 functions
Internal oblique
movement of diaphragm
rotation
lateral flexion
60
The internal oblique lies between what 2 muscles?
TVA and external oblique
61
1 function
Transverse abdominis
lumbar stability
62
1 function
Diaphragm
increase and decrease in lung size
63
What 2 cavities does the diaphragm separate?
thoracic and abdominal
64
1 function
Pelvic floor muscles
stabilize spine and pelvis
65
superficial - 3 functions
deep - 1 function
Multifidus
lumbar back extension
rotation
lateral flexion
spinal stabilization
66
The co-contracts with the to provide spinal stability.
multifidus
TVA
67
1 function
Rectus abdominis
lumbar flexion
68
3 functions
External oblique
spinal flexion
rotation
lateral flexion
69
2 functions
Erector spinae/extensor spinae
A - Spinalis
B - Longissimus
C - Iliocostalis
spinal extension
lateral flexion
70
2 functions
Quadratus lumborum
stabilize the pelvis
lateral flexion
71
Psoas
72
Iliacus
73
What 2 muscles make up the hip flexors?
Psoas
Iliacus
74
Hip adductors
A - Adductor magnus
B - Adductor Brevis
C - Gracilis
D - Adductor longus
E - Pectineus
F - Iliacus
G - Psoas major
75
2 functions
Hamstrings
A - Biceps femoris
B - Semitendinosus
C - Semimembranosus
flex the lower leg
extend the femur
76
2 functions
Rectus femoris
knee extension
hip flexion
77
1 function
Gluteus maximus
hip extension
78
3 functions
Quadriceps
A - Rectus femoris
B - Vastus medialis
C - Vastus lateralis
D - Vastus intermedius
extend lower leg
stabilize the knee
hip flexion
79
2 functions
Tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion
foot inversion
80
2 functions
Tibialis posterior
plantar flexion
foot inversion
81
1 function
Soleus
plantar flexion
82
1 function
Gastrocnemius
plantar flexion
83
2 functions
Peroneus longus
plantar flexion
foot eversion
84
2 functions
Peroneus brevis
plantar flexion
foot eversion
85
2 functions
gluteus medius
hip abduction
hip extension
86
2 functions
gluteus minimus
hip abduction
hip extension
87
2 functions
tensor fasciae latae
hip abduction
hip extension
88
1 function
piriformis
abduction of femur
89
Piriformis syndrome
When the piriformis tightens, the sciatic nerve may become compressed and induce sciatica
90
1 function
popliteus
knee flexion
91
or during running can injure the popliteus.
Overpronation of the foot
hyperextension of the knee
92
2 functions
sartorius
hip flexion
hip abduction
93
1 function
pectoralis major
humerous adduction
94
1 function
pectoralis minor
moves scapula forward and downward
95
2 functions
latissimus dorsi
shoulder adduction
shoulder extension
96
1 function
trapezius
move the scapula
97
1 function
serratus anterior
protract the scapula
98
1 function
rhomboid major
retract the scapula
99
1 function
rhomboid minor
retract the scapula
100
1 function
levator scapulae
elevates the scapula
101
1 function for each of the 3 muscles
deltoids
anterior - shoulder flexion
posterior - shoulder extension
lateral - arm abduction
102
List the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
103
1 function
Infraspinatus
external shoulder rotation
104
1 function
teres minor
external shoulder rotation
105
1 function
subscapularis
internal shoulder rotation
106
1 function
supraspinatus
shoulder abduction
107
1 function
biceps brachii
elbow flexion
108
1 function
triceps brachii
elbow extension
109
1 function
brachioradialis
wrist extension
110
The primary purpose of a warm- up is to
increase one’s core temperature
111
An increase in core body temperature positively affects the of a runner as well as decreases the
biomechanics
chance of injury such as muscle strains
112
List 3 areas that a proper warm-up influences
Increased force capacity of a muscle
Decreased chance of injury
Increased range of motion
113
What is the primary reason for stretching?
increase range of motion around a joint
114
Stretching a muscle prior to a bout of exercise can
reduce the contractile force of a muscle
115
An active warm-up of minutes and at an intensity of approximately percent of one’s VO2 max is most beneficial in regard to anaerobic activities
15
65
116
The benefits gained via an increase in muscle temperature are lost approximately minutes after the warm-up period ends.
15
117
Fatigue has been shown to alter the biomechanics of the lower extremities, specifically the and in the and planes
knee
hips
sagittal
transverse
118
Give 2 definitions of eccentric muscle contraction
a muscle is lengthened while contracting at the same time
a muscle contracts to decelerate a limb that has a load applied to it
119
What does DOMS primarily result from?
eccentric muscle contractions
120
What is an analogy for an eccentrically contracting muscle?
a brake
121
What are the 3 most common areas of DOMS for ultrarunners?
hamstrings
calves
quadriceps
122
List 3 reasons why eccentric contractions cause muscle damage
muscle inflammation due to sub-cellular damage
damage to the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling system
fewer motor units are involved than during concentric contractions which creates greater stress per muscle fiber
123
What is the excitation-contraction coupling system?
the link between nerves and muscles
124
What is one cause of muscle weakness?
a muscle’s inability to activate contractile structures due to the over-stretching of sarcomeres
125
Passive tension
tension on a muscle that is not caused by a voluntary muscle contraction
126
What is an alternate term for passive tension?
stiffness
127
DOMS-related soreness begins to set in hours after the workout/exercise and peaks at around hours post-exercise
6-8
48
128
The best course of action when dealing with DOMS is and
light, active rest
a light massage
129
List 2 reasons why should athletes not take NSAIDs
they slow healing of muscles, bones, and tendons
they slow muscle growth by slowing the spread of satellite cells
130
What causes muscle burn?
a buildup of acidity that is caused by the release of hydrogen ions during the fast turnover of ATP
131
What is the scientific term for muscle burn?
acidosis
132
What is the role of lactate in relation to acidosis?
lactate helps buffer and neutralize the hydrogen ions that cause muscle burn
133
What causes exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC)?
muscles being overworked (i.e., fatigue)
134
kinetic linking
the order in which muscles activate and work together to allow the body to move
135
What occur when muscle synergy breaks down?
performance is diminished and the potential for injury increases
136
What is the goal of kinetic linking?
gain a biomechanical advantage and optimize performance by moving the body in the correct pattern
137
What is the result of a short muscle and/or long muscle?
force production of the muscle will diminish
138
What are 3 causes of reduced muscle activation?
a muscle is too long or to short
fatigue
muscle co-activation
