Muscular Kinesiology Let’s get Physical…Physical. Flashcards
Objectives
- 7: Identify joint movements with appropriate terminology
- 17: Identify normal or abnormal muscle size, mass and length
- 18: Demonstrate satisfactory hands on palpation skills
- 27: Describe the capsular patterns of restriction for all major joints
fyi
So, what happens when muscles contract?
They shorten without any agenda.
- Their agenda or direction depends on where they are located and what they are attached to.
Muscles are attached to the bones and cross one or more joints.
- The more moveable bone is referred to as the___1_______point of the muscle and moves toward…
- The stable bone is the ____2_______.
- The insertion always comes ___3______ the origin point of the muscle.
- insertion ,
- origin,
- toward
Reversal of Muscle Action
Insertion to origin movement can be reversed and the origin can move toward the insertion if the closed kinetic chain position of the muscle changes
The proximal bone becomes more?
give an example
movable
Biceps – typically the insertion (forearm) moves toward the origin (humerus) BUT if you’re doing a pull up, the origin then moves toward the insertion
Muscle names will tell you everything you need to know about it.
Names will fall into one or more of these categories: (7)
- Location
- Shape
- Action
- Number of heads/divisions
- Attachments = origin/insertion
- Direction of the fibers
- Size of the muscle
Parallel Muscle Fibers
name Four kinds
- Strap
- fusiform
- rhomboidial (rectangular)
- triangular
muscles that are long and thin with fibers that run the entire length of the muscle?
Strap muscles
muscles that have a shape close to that of a spindle and most of the fibers run the entire length of the muscle
Fusiform muscles
4 sided muscles that is usually flat with very broad attachments at the edges
Rhomboidial
muscles that are flat with a fan or triangular appearance
Triangular
Muscle fibers are arranged within a muscle in a direction that is either _________ or _______ to the long axis of the muscle.
parallel or oblique
Parallel fibers are longer and have a larger ______ ____________?
ROM potential
Oblique fibers tend to be shorter but are more numerous per given area than parallel fibers which means that it has a greater __________ ___________?
strength potential
Oblique muscles have a feather like appearance at which a muscle attaches at an angle to its tendon sort of like feathers attach to the quill
Name three Types :
- unipennate
- bipennate
- multipennate
an Oblique Muscle Fibers that looks like one side of a feather
Unipennate
Oblique Muscle Fibers that looks of the design of a common feather
Bipennate
Oblique Muscle Fibers that have 3 or more branches of oblique fibers with a tendon in between
Multipennate
Muscles have a normal_______ ________ noted when the muscle is at rest, not stimulated to move and no forces are applied on it
resting length
the ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus
- Can be natural or artificial (electrical current)
Irritability
the ability to shorten or contract when enough stimulation is received
Contractility
the ability of the muscle to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied
Extensibility
the ability of the muscle to recoil and return to its original shape and size or to its normal resting length
Elasticity
What to remember:
- Stretch a muscle, it will ?…..
- Remove the stretch, it will?……..
- Stimulate a muscle it will ?………..
- Remove the stimulus and it will ?……….
lengthen (extensibility)
go back to normal (elasticity)
respond (irritability) and shorten (contractility)
return to normal (elasticity)
the force built up within a muscle
Tension
Length Tension Relationship:
Stretching builds_____1______, contraction builds ___2_____ tension and the combination of the both equals total ___3_______.
- passive
- active
- tension
the slight tension that is always present in the muscle (even at rest) and is thought of as a state of readiness
Tone
Length Tension Relationship:
A muscle is capable of being shortened to _____ of its resting length or lengthened to _____ times its resting length.
- half
- 1.5
this is the distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening
Excursion
ex: If a muscle is 6 inches long, it can be contracted to 3 inches but then elongated to 9 inches with the excursion resulting in 6 inches
what is a key factor in determining the tension in a muscle.
Length
Research has shown that a muscle is strongest if it is put on a _______ prior to contraction
- Think of when you kick a ball standing still versus in motion and “winding up”
stretch
Length Tension Relationship:
these Usually have enough length to allow the joint’s full ROM
1 joint muscles
Length Tension Relationship:
these DO NOT have sufficient length to allow full ROM of every joint that it crosses
2 joint muscles
2 joint muscles actually works to our advantage. Two joint muscles have a larger advantage and contractile force because they what?
elongate over one joint and contract over another joint
- They are able to maintain an optimal length/tension relationship
Muscular Insufficiency: which one?
the muscle cannot shorten any farther. This happens to the agonist or actively contracting muscle.
Knee flexion in stance, example 5-7 in your book
Active insufficiency
Muscular Insufficiency: which one
the muscle cannot be lengthened any farther. This happens to the antagonist or the muscle that is relaxed
- Trying to touch your toes with your knees extended (hamstrings are elongated over 2 joints, the hip and knee)
- Then try to touch with your knees bent, you can increase your range of motion, but you decrease your tension on the hamstrings. (hamstrings are being stretched over only 1 joint)
Passive insufficiency
what is performed on relaxed muscles to lengthen the muscle or regain its normal resting length
- Will be covered in your Therapeutic Exercise course
Stretching
This is the functional use of passive insufficiency and is primarily found in the wrist.
- As the wrist extends, the fingers will passively flex and as the wrist flexes, the fingers will passively relax
Tenodesis
Used mainly in patients that have endured a spinal cord injury and is a compensatory movement to allow for functional independence
Three kinds of muscular contraction:
- Isometric
- Isotonic
- Isokinetic
what type of contraction?
muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of the muscle
- Seen frequently with manual muscle testing
Isometric
what type of contraction?
muscle contracts, changes the length of the muscle and joint angle
Isotonic
what type of contraction?
less common and is completed with special machines where speed stays the same but the resistance changes
Can alter or change the resistance given to the subject
Isokinetic
Isotonic Muscular Contraction:
this occurs where there is joint movement and the muscle shortens and the origins and insertions of the muscles move towards each other
Concentric contraction
Isotonic Muscular Contraction:
occurs where there is joint motion but the muscle appears to be lengthening and the origins and insertions of the muscles move away from each other
Eccentric contraction
- Muscle attachments move closer together
- Movement is usually occuring against gravity
- Is an acceleration activity
Concentric Contractions
- Muscle attachments move farther apart
- Movement occurs with gravity or a lowering motion
- Motion is a deceleration activity
Eccentric Contractions
a muscle in a muscle group that causes the motion
- Stirs the pot
- Sometimes referred to as the prime mover
The Agonist
the muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist
- Keeps things from going crazy
- When this contracts at the same time a
- co-contraction results
- Usually lets the agonist do its job
The Antagonist
a muscle or muscle group that supports or makes structures firm and allows the agonist to work more efficiently
- Core muscles in particular
The Stabilizer
contracts to prevent unwanted motion if a muscle can perform two or more actions
- Biceps can flex the elbow and supinate the forearm so the pronator teres neutralizes the supination component of the biceps
The Neutralizer
a muscle that works in conjunction with another muscle and enhances the movement of the prime mover
The Synergist
Angle of Pull:
The angular position of the muscle will determine the roll the muscle will play in the ________of the joint
motion
Angle of Pull:
Other factors determining whether a mm plays a major or minor role are ___1____,_____2____ of the muscle in relation to the joint axis, and ____3______possible at that joint
- size
- location
- motions
Angle of Pull:
- If the fibers of a muscle run diagonally how will muscles move?
- Biceps vs pronator teres (both cross the elbow & insert on the radius)
as opposed to
- If the fibers of a muscle run horizontally, how will muscles move?
- Take the rhomboids for example
- the diagonal line of pull is the resultant force of a vertical force and a horizontal force.
- muscles with a greater vertical angle of pull will be effective in pulling up or down.
as opposed to
- a greater horizontal pull will be more effective in pulling the scapula in or out.
muscles with a more equal horizontal and vertical pull will have a role in both motions
The ability of the body to transform stereotyped angular motions of joints into more efficient curvilinear motion of parts
Degrees of Freedom Review-
When we add degrees of freedom, the result is a ______ _________?
kinetic chain
the distal segment of the chain moves in space
- Reaching your hand to your mouth
- Reaching your hand above your head
- Swinging your leg
open kinetic chain,
Open Chain Kinetics
Motion segments can move_________ from each other, they do not have to move together
independently
The distal segment is fixed and proximal parts of the segment move
- Chin up/Pull up
- Push up
- Standing Squats
Closed Chain Kinetics
Closed Chain Kinetics
Movement of one segment in closed chain activities requires how many segments to move?
all of them
Terminology:
- Usually open chain
- Usually NWB
Concentric
Terminology:
- concentric or eccentric
- Usually NWB
Open Chain
Terminology:
- Concentric or eccentric
- Usually open chain
NWB (Non-weight Bearing)
Terminology
- Can be open or closed chain
- Can be WB or NWB
Eccentric
Terminology
Concentric or eccentric
Usually WB
Closed Chain
Terminology
- Usually eccentric
- Usually closed chain
WB (weight bearing)
- Described as patterns of restricted joint ROM due to diffuse, intra-articular inflammation involving the entire joint capsule
- Loss of ROM happens in a typical pattern
Capsular Patterns
Capsular Patterns (what body part)
- Maximum loss of external rotation
- Moderate loss of abduction
- Minimum loss of internal rotation
Shoulder
Capsular Patterns-
Flexion loss is greater than extension loss
Elbow Complex
Capsular Patterns
- Full and painless
- Equally restricted in pronation and supination in presence of elbow restriction
Forearm
Capsular Patterns
- Equal restrictions in flexion and extension
Wrist
Capsular Patterns
- CMC joint 1 – Abduction and extension restriction
- CMC joints 2-5 – equal restriction in all directions
Hand
Capsular Patterns
- Flexion loss is greater than extension loss
Upper Extremity Digits
Capsular Patterns
- Maximum loss of internal rotation, flexion and abduction
- Minimal loss of extension
Hip
Capsular Patterns
- Tibiofemoral Joint – flexion loss is greater than extension loss
Knee
Capsular Patterns
- Talocrual – plantarflexion loss is greater than dorsiflexion
- Subtalar – restricted varus motion
- Midtarsal – restricted dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, abduction, and medial rotation
Ankle
Capsular Patterns
- MTP joint 1 – Extension loss is greater than flexion
- MTP joints 2-5 – Variable, but tends towards loss of flexion
- IP joints – tend towards extension restriction
Lower Extremity Digits
