Introduction to Kinesiology Flashcards
the study of movement -Bringing together fields of anatomy, physics, geometry and relating them to human movement
Kinesiology
Kinesiology utilizes principles of
- Mechanics or Biomechanics
- Musculoskeletal anatomy
- Neuromuscular physiology
Lecture Objectives
- Demonstrate between types of joints and list examples
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Lecture Objectives
- Identify the degrees of freedom for various joints
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Lecture Objectives
- Identify joint movements with appropriate terminology
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Lecture Objectives
- Identify the anatomical planes of motion for each joint motion
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this movement is defined as nonmoving interaction of an object
Static
this Movement is defined as moving interaction of an object
Dynamic
forces causing movement like Pushing, pulling, collision
Kinetics
time, space and mass aspects of a moving system like
Speed, friction, resistance or weight of an object
Kinematics
thes are examples of
- Laying supine or prone
- Sitting on the edge of the bed
- Still stance
- Watching TV on the couch
Static
These are examples of
- Rolling in bed
- Transitioning from supine to sit
- Putting on your sock
- Walking down the hallway
Dynamic Movement
So, why is movement important?
Helps you as a clinician to recognize balance and strength issues that your patients might have
Knowing proper terminology and movement trends will allow for what
continuum of care and ensure that the patient and next therapist continue to recognize issues that the patient needs fixed.
why is it important to understand Normal vs. Abnormal movement
- Understanding the correct and appropriate movements of the body will help you recognize patient problems and what to work on as a treatment
- Helps to form meaningful and appropriate goals
If you know what motions the joint allows and that a muscle must span a particular surface in order to cause that motion what can you tell ?
- line of pull of that muscle
Which lets you know the particular action of that muscle
- Upright position
- Eyes facing forward
- Feet parallel and close together
- Arms at the side of the body
- Palms of hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
- The same as anatomical position but with the palms facing toward the body
- This position is used to describe the rotation of the upper extremity
Fundamental Position
refers to a location near the midline of the body
Medial
refers to a location or position further from the midline
Lateral
refers to the front of the body
Also known as Ventral
Anterior
- refers to the back of the body or to a position more to the back
- Also known as Dorsal
Posterior
depends on relative depth
Superficial or Deep
away from the trunk
Distal
towards the trunk
Proximal
indicates the location of a body part that is above another structure or refers to the upper surface of an organ or structure
Superior
indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure
Inferior
position or structure closer to the head
Cranial
position or structure closer to the feet
Caudal
2 or both sides
Bilateral
opposite side of the body
Contralateral
same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Use R or R with a circle around it for
right
Use L or L with a circle around it for
left
proximal
Prox
inferior
Inf
anterior
Ant
posteior
Post
lateral
Lat
Bilateral
bil, B, or B with a circle around it
Straight line from one location to another
Linear Motion
- all parts of the object move in the same direction in a same line
Like a child sledding/skateboarding
Rectilinear Motion
- movement occurs linearly but in a curved path but not a circular path
Diver off of a board curving down into the pool
Curvilinear Motion
- all parts of the object move through the same angle, same direction at the same time. They DO NOT move the same distance.
Think of your arm: wrist, forearm and elbow into flexion – all parts are moving the same speed
Angular Motion/Rotary Motion
bending movement of one bone on another causing a decrease in the joint angle
- Usually occurs between the anterior surface of bones
- In wrist often called palmarflexion
- In ankle called dorsiflexion
Flexion
straightening movement of one bone on another causing an increase in the joint angle
- Hyperextension – the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
- In ankle, called plantar flexion
Extension
movement away from the midline of the body
Abduction
movement toward the midline of the body
- “add the limb to your body” by bringing it closer to the core
Adduction
particularly the shoulder, flexed to 90degrees and is moved away from the body
Horizontal Abduction
shoulder flexed to 90degrees and is moved toward the body
Horizontal Adduction
Joint Movements caused by muscular initiation
Osteokinematics
Anterior surface moves inward toward the midline (internal rotation)
Medial Rotation
Anterior surface moves outward away from the midline (external rotation)
Lateral Rotation
Hand moves laterally or toward the thumb side in anatomical position
Radial Deviation
Hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger
Ulnar Deviation
movement at the shoulder, flexion to 90degrees and UE is parallel to the ground pushing forward/away from the midline
Protraction
movement at the shoulder, flexion to 90degrees and UE is pulling towards the midline or squeezing the shoulder blades together
Retraction
describes the trunk moving sideways, also known as lateral flexion
Lateral bending
involves all 4 major motions
- Flexion
- Abduction
- Extension
- Adduction
Circumduction
rotation of the forearm into anatomical position
Holding a bowl of “soup”
Supination
palm is facing backwards or posteriorly
Palm down or “prone”
Pronation
moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
Inversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
Eversion
forms the upright portion of the body
Axial Skeleton
attaches to the axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Contains the 126 bones of the extremities
Appendicular Skeleton
The entire body houses how may bones?
Individuals may have additional bones because of sesmoid bones
206
hard, dense, outer layer of the bone.
Compact bone
porous and spongy inside portion of the bone called the trabeculae.
Cancellous bone
ends of the bone, on either end of the diaphysis and is typically osseous and hard.
- In growing bone, the epiphysis is cartilaginous and is called the epiphyseal plate
- Longitudinal growth occurs here by making new bone
Epiphysis
main shaft of the bone, made up mostly of compact bone
- Center is the medullary canal
- Contains bone marrow and is mostly hollow
- Membrane lining is known as the endosteum
- Lines medullary canal and is responsible for bone resorption
Diaphysis
supports the epiphysis
Flared portion of the bone
Metaphysis
thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except articular surfaces
- With the exception of the surfaces that are covered in hyaline cartilage
- Contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment
- Promotes growth in diameter of immature bone and repairs the bone
- Serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
Periosteum
length is greater than the width of the bone
Long bones
more or less equal dimensions of height, length and width
- Gives them a more cube-like shape
- Great deal of articular space
Short bones
broad surfaces but are not very thick
- Tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one
Flat bones
mixed shapes of bones that don’t fit into the above three categories
Irregular bones
resemble the shapes of seeds, located in tendons and are “free floating” bones
Sesamoid bones
Some joints allow a lot of movement such as shoulders, hips and knees
- thes Provide less or more stability?
less
Some joints do not allow a whole lot of movement such as SC/AC joints, rib articulations
- these Provide more or less stability?
more
The type of joint that you are looking at will allow you to know the __________ or the ___________ allowed through that joint
structure, movement
3 Types of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
thin layers of fibrous periosteum located between the two bones
Fibrous joints
A Fibrous joints
suture joints , shape allow bones to interlock and fit tightly together
- Skull bones
Synarthrosis
a Fibrous joint
ligamentous joints that have a great deal of fibrous tissue (ligaments/interosseous membranes) holding the joint together
Syndesmosis
a Fibrous joint
means “bolting together”
- Tooth and the socket of the mandible or maxilla
Gomphosis
this joint has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones
- Also known as amphiarthrodial joints
Cartilaginous joints
These joints allow a small amount of motion such as bending/twisting and some compression
- Small amount of motion = increased stability
- More movement = decreased stability
Cartilaginous joints
these joints have no direct contact union between ends of the bone instead there is a cavity
-Cavity is filled with synovial fluid located within a thick, sleeve like capsule
- The outside of this capsule is a strong, fibrous material that holds the joint together
- The inside is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- Provides shock absorption and is a major source of nutrition for cartilage
Synovial joints
Articular surfaces of these joints are very smooth and covered with hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage
- Allow for easy and functional movement
Synovial joints
Synovial joints are also known as …?
diarthrodial joints – allowing free motion
Most large joints in the body are what type of joint?
synovial joints
linear movement, not angular and occurs secondary to other motions
Nonaxial
- Carpal bones in your wrists are very small and have a tight fit to them (intercarpal joints)
- You cannot actively move your carpal bones in the wrist, the movement of these bones occur with wrist flexion, extention, etc…gliding
- The carpal bones will move on each other with these motions
Nonaxial
angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
Uniaxial
flexion/extension
- Elbow
- Interphalangeal joints
- Knee – with the exception of the last few degrees of extension (as it rotates)
What kind of joint?
Hinge joint
rotation
- Radius/ulna
- Atlas/axis
what kind of joint?
Pivot joint
occurs in 2 different direction
- Condyloid
- Saddle
Biaxial joints
(ellipsoidal) – flexion/extension with abduction/adduction
- Wrist
- Metaphalangeal
Condyloid
flexion/extension with abduction/adduction and accessory rotation if necessary
- Thumb or Carpo-metacarpal
- Differs from a condyloid joint due to the arthrokinematics of the joint (to be covered by ch. 4)
Saddle
also known as the multiaxial joints – motion occurs actively in all three axes
ball and socket
Triaxial joints
Hip
Shoulder
what kind of joint?
Ball and socket
Allows more motion than any other joint out there!
- Flexion and extension
- Abduction and adduction
- Rotation
Review Tables 3-1 and 3-2
Triaxial joints
Recipe for a joint
- Bones, 2 (typically but can be more)
- 1 joint capsule, inside lined with a synovial membrane
- Ligaments, quantity dependent on the joint
- 1-2 portions of cartilage – a dense fibrous connective tissue
- Tendons
- Tendon Sheaths
- Bursae
Recipe for a joint
Near each other and articulate with each other
Bones, 2 (typically but can be more)
Recipe for a joint
- inside lined with a synovial membrane
- Encase the above ingredients with capsule (in most ball and socket joints)
- Fill with synovial fluid, produced by the synovial membrane
- Much like the gooey clear part of an egg
1 joint capsule
Recipe for a joint
- quantity dependent on the joint
- Hold above bones and capsule
- Bands of fibrous connective tissue
- Provide attachments for cartilage, fascia or muscle
- Allows for flexibility but prevents excessive movement
Ligaments
Recipe for a joint
a dense fibrous connective tissue
- Hyaline or articular cartilage, covers the ends of opposing bones
- Fibrocartilage – shock absorber such as the menisci in the knee joint or intervertebral disks or labrum in the hip/shoulder joints
- Elastic cartilage – maintains the shape of the structure such as an ear or nose
1-2 portions of cartilage
Recipe for a joint
- Connects muscles to bones
Can be cylindrical or flat depending on the muscle (bicep tendon vs rotator cuff tendon)
- Aponeurosis – broad, flat tendinous sheath that provides great strength
abdominals/latissimus dorsi
Tendons
Recipe for a joint
Covers the tendons to prevent excess friction such as when the tendon passes through a tunnel
Tendon Sheaths
Recipe for a joint
- Small, pad like sacs to help reduce friction between moving parts in the joints
- Can be natural or acquired due to excessive friction
Bursae
broken bones from trauma or chronic use
- Can include muscles, known as avulsions
Fractures
complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint
- Likely, a portion of the joint capsule will be torn
Dislocation
a partial dislocation of a joint that usually occurs over a period of time
- Commonly from weakened ligaments, overuse or medical etiology
- Patients with a stroke, muscular weakness or paralysis when the weight a bone/joint pulls on the structural stability of the joint
Subluxation
inflammation of a tendon
Tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath
Tenosynovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
Synovitis
inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
inflammation of a joint capsule
Capsulitis
Splits the body into left and right segments
Sagittal plane
Motions that occur in the sagittal plane are
Flexion and extension
Sagittal plane Motions pivot around What axis
X axis
Also known as the midsagittal plane or YZ plane
It is vertical and divides the body into left and right sides
Photographically, this is a side view
Movements in this plane are defined as flexion and extension
Special cases
In the wrist, the sagittal plane is through the 3rd digit
In the foot, the sagittal plane is through the 2nd ray
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into front and back and is also known as the coronal plane
Frontal plane
Motions that occur in the frontal plane are
abduction and adduction
Frontal plane pivots around the
Z axis
Also known as the coronal plane or XY plane
Parallel to the frontal bone and divides the body into front and back parts
Photographically, It is a frontal picture straight on looking at your face, or a picture of the back of your head
Motions that occur in this plane are defined as abduction and adduction
Abduction is a position or motion of the segment away from the midline, regardless of which segment moves
Frontal Plane
divides the body into the top and the bottom
Transverse plane
Motions that occur in the transverse plane
rotation
this plane Pivots around the Y axis
Transverse
Also known as the horizontal or XZ plane
Divides the body into upper and lower parts
Photographically, it is a picture from above
Motions that occur in this plane are medial and lateral rotation, pronation and supination
Transverse Plane
The point of intersection of the three cardinal planes is called the …?
center of gravity
In the human body, it is midline at about the level of and slightly anterior to the second sacral vertebrae.
center of gravity
points that run through the center of the joint around which a part rotates
Axes
front to back, with the frontal plane
Sagittal axis
left to right/side to side, with the sagittal plane
Frontal axis
head to toe, with the transverse plane
Vertical axis
Joint movements occur around an axis that is always _________________to its plane
perpendicular
The ability of the body to transform stereotyped angular motions of joints into more efficient curvilinear motion of parts
Joints are described by the number of planes for which they move in
Degrees of Freedom
DOF
0 degrees of freedom
Nonaxial
1 degree of freedom
Uniaxial
2 degrees of freedom
Biaxial
3 degrees of freedom
Triaxial
This concept becomes important when determining total degrees of freedom for joints
Joints are classified according to the number of planes in which their segments move or the number of primary axes they possess
Joints that move in one plane, posses one axis and have one degree of freedom
Degrees of Freedom
- Nonaxial Joint
- Joint type : irregular
- Joint movement : gliding
- Examples : intercarpals, skull bones
0 degrees of freedom
- Uniaxial Joint
- Joint type : Pivot
- Joint motion : Rotation
- Examples : Atlas / Axis and Radius / Ulna
1 degree of freedom
- Uniaxial Joint
- Joint type : Hinge
- Joint movement : Flexion / Extension
- Examples : interphalangeal joints, elbow and knee
1 degree of freedom
- Biaxial Joint
- Joint type : Condyloid
- Joint motions : flexion / extension and abduction / adduction
- Example : Wrist, MP joints
2 degrees of freedom
- Biaxial Joint
- Joint type : Saddle
- Joint motions : Flexion / extension and abduction / adduction with rotation as an accessory
- Example : Thumb, CMC
2 degrees of freedom
- Triaxial Joint
- Joint type : Ball and Socket
- Joint motions : flexion / extension and abduction / adduction and rotation
- Example : Shoulder or Hip
3 degrees of freedom
A combination of several joints or links connected in a way to allow movement is a kinetic chain. Because these links are connected, movement of one link causes motion at others in a predictable way.
Successively, the more distal segments can have higher degrees of freedom that do proximal ones
From the thoracic wall to the finger, there are at least 19 degrees of freedom in planar motions that can be identified
In the lower extremity, the 25 or more DOF between the pelvis and toe not only permit the foot to adjust to an irregular or slanting surface – but also allow the body’s center of gravity to be maintained within the small base of support of the planted foot
Kinetic Chains
