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Kinesiology semester 3 > Introduction to Kinesiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of movement -Bringing together fields of anatomy, physics, geometry and relating them to human movement

A

Kinesiology

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2
Q

Kinesiology utilizes principles of

A
  1. Mechanics or Biomechanics
  2. Musculoskeletal anatomy
  3. Neuromuscular physiology
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3
Q

Lecture Objectives

  1. Demonstrate between types of joints and list examples
A

fyi

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4
Q

Lecture Objectives

  1. Identify the degrees of freedom for various joints
A

fyi

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5
Q

Lecture Objectives

  1. Identify joint movements with appropriate terminology
A

fyi

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6
Q

Lecture Objectives

  1. Identify the anatomical planes of motion for each joint motion
A

fyi

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7
Q

this movement is defined as nonmoving interaction of an object

A

Static

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8
Q

this Movement is defined as moving interaction of an object

A

Dynamic

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9
Q

forces causing movement like Pushing, pulling, collision

A

Kinetics

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10
Q

time, space and mass aspects of a moving system like
Speed, friction, resistance or weight of an object

A

Kinematics

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11
Q

thes are examples of

  1. Laying supine or prone
  2. Sitting on the edge of the bed
  3. Still stance
  4. Watching TV on the couch
A

Static

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12
Q

These are examples of

  1. Rolling in bed
  2. Transitioning from supine to sit
  3. Putting on your sock
  4. Walking down the hallway
A

Dynamic Movement

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13
Q

So, why is movement important?

A

Helps you as a clinician to recognize balance and strength issues that your patients might have

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14
Q

Knowing proper terminology and movement trends will allow for what

A

continuum of care and ensure that the patient and next therapist continue to recognize issues that the patient needs fixed.

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15
Q

why is it important to understand Normal vs. Abnormal movement

A
  1. Understanding the correct and appropriate movements of the body will help you recognize patient problems and what to work on as a treatment
  2. Helps to form meaningful and appropriate goals
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16
Q

If you know what motions the joint allows and that a muscle must span a particular surface in order to cause that motion what can you tell ?

A
  • line of pull of that muscle

Which lets you know the particular action of that muscle

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17
Q
  • Upright position
  • Eyes facing forward
  • Feet parallel and close together
  • Arms at the side of the body
  • Palms of hands facing forward
A

Anatomical Position

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18
Q
  • The same as anatomical position but with the palms facing toward the body
  • This position is used to describe the rotation of the upper extremity
A

Fundamental Position

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19
Q

refers to a location near the midline of the body

A

Medial

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20
Q

refers to a location or position further from the midline

A

Lateral

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21
Q

refers to the front of the body
Also known as Ventral

A

Anterior

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22
Q
  • refers to the back of the body or to a position more to the back
  • Also known as Dorsal
A

Posterior

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23
Q

depends on relative depth

A

Superficial or Deep

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24
Q

away from the trunk

A

Distal

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25
Q

towards the trunk

A

Proximal

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26
Q

indicates the location of a body part that is above another structure or refers to the upper surface of an organ or structure

A

Superior

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27
Q

indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure

A

Inferior

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28
Q

position or structure closer to the head

A

Cranial

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29
Q

position or structure closer to the feet

A

Caudal

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30
Q

2 or both sides

A

Bilateral

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31
Q

opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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32
Q

same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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33
Q

Use R or R with a circle around it for

A

right

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34
Q

Use L or L with a circle around it for

A

left

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35
Q

proximal

A

Prox

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36
Q

inferior

A

Inf

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37
Q

anterior

A

Ant

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38
Q

posteior

A

Post

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39
Q

lateral

A

Lat

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40
Q

Bilateral

A

bil, B, or B with a circle around it

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41
Q

Straight line from one location to another

A

Linear Motion

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42
Q
  • all parts of the object move in the same direction in a same line

Like a child sledding/skateboarding

A

Rectilinear Motion

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43
Q
  • movement occurs linearly but in a curved path but not a circular path

Diver off of a board curving down into the pool

A

Curvilinear Motion

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44
Q
  • all parts of the object move through the same angle, same direction at the same time. They DO NOT move the same distance.

Think of your arm: wrist, forearm and elbow into flexion – all parts are moving the same speed

A

Angular Motion/Rotary Motion

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45
Q

bending movement of one bone on another causing a decrease in the joint angle

  • Usually occurs between the anterior surface of bones
  • In wrist often called palmarflexion
  • In ankle called dorsiflexion
A

Flexion

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46
Q

straightening movement of one bone on another causing an increase in the joint angle

  • Hyperextension – the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
  • In ankle, called plantar flexion
A

Extension

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47
Q

movement away from the midline of the body

A

Abduction

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48
Q

movement toward the midline of the body

  • “add the limb to your body” by bringing it closer to the core
A

Adduction

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49
Q

particularly the shoulder, flexed to 90degrees and is moved away from the body

A

Horizontal Abduction

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50
Q

shoulder flexed to 90degrees and is moved toward the body

A

Horizontal Adduction

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51
Q

Joint Movements caused by muscular initiation

A

Osteokinematics

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52
Q

Anterior surface moves inward toward the midline (internal rotation)

A

Medial Rotation

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53
Q

Anterior surface moves outward away from the midline (external rotation)

A

Lateral Rotation

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54
Q

Hand moves laterally or toward the thumb side in anatomical position

A

Radial Deviation

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55
Q

Hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger

A

Ulnar Deviation

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56
Q

movement at the shoulder, flexion to 90degrees and UE is parallel to the ground pushing forward/away from the midline

A

Protraction

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57
Q

movement at the shoulder, flexion to 90degrees and UE is pulling towards the midline or squeezing the shoulder blades together

A

Retraction

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58
Q

describes the trunk moving sideways, also known as lateral flexion

A

Lateral bending

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59
Q

involves all 4 major motions

  1. Flexion
  2. Abduction
  3. Extension
  4. Adduction
A

Circumduction

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60
Q

rotation of the forearm into anatomical position
Holding a bowl of “soup”

A

Supination

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61
Q

palm is facing backwards or posteriorly
Palm down or “prone”

A

Pronation

62
Q

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

A

Inversion

63
Q

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

A

Eversion

64
Q

forms the upright portion of the body

A

Axial Skeleton

65
Q

attaches to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular Skeleton

66
Q

Contains the 126 bones of the extremities

A

Appendicular Skeleton

67
Q

The entire body houses how may bones?

Individuals may have additional bones because of sesmoid bones

A

206

68
Q

hard, dense, outer layer of the bone.

A

Compact bone

69
Q

porous and spongy inside portion of the bone called the trabeculae.

A

Cancellous bone

70
Q

ends of the bone, on either end of the diaphysis and is typically osseous and hard.

  • In growing bone, the epiphysis is cartilaginous and is called the epiphyseal plate
  • Longitudinal growth occurs here by making new bone
A

Epiphysis

71
Q

main shaft of the bone, made up mostly of compact bone

  • Center is the medullary canal
    • Contains bone marrow and is mostly hollow
  • Membrane lining is known as the endosteum
    • Lines medullary canal and is responsible for bone resorption
A

Diaphysis

72
Q

supports the epiphysis
Flared portion of the bone

A

Metaphysis

73
Q

thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except articular surfaces

  • With the exception of the surfaces that are covered in hyaline cartilage
  • Contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment
  • Promotes growth in diameter of immature bone and repairs the bone
  • Serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
A

Periosteum

74
Q

length is greater than the width of the bone

A

Long bones

75
Q

more or less equal dimensions of height, length and width

  • Gives them a more cube-like shape
  • Great deal of articular space
A

Short bones

76
Q

broad surfaces but are not very thick

  • Tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one
A

Flat bones

77
Q

mixed shapes of bones that don’t fit into the above three categories

A

Irregular bones

78
Q

resemble the shapes of seeds, located in tendons and are “free floating” bones

A

Sesamoid bones

79
Q

Some joints allow a lot of movement such as shoulders, hips and knees

  • thes Provide less or more stability?
A

less

80
Q

Some joints do not allow a whole lot of movement such as SC/AC joints, rib articulations

  • these Provide more or less stability?
A

more

81
Q

The type of joint that you are looking at will allow you to know the __________ or the ___________ allowed through that joint

A

structure, movement

82
Q

3 Types of joints

A

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

83
Q

thin layers of fibrous periosteum located between the two bones

A

Fibrous joints

84
Q

A Fibrous joints

suture joints , shape allow bones to interlock and fit tightly together

  • Skull bones
A

Synarthrosis

85
Q

a Fibrous joint

ligamentous joints that have a great deal of fibrous tissue (ligaments/interosseous membranes) holding the joint together

A

Syndesmosis

86
Q

a Fibrous joint

means “bolting together”

  • Tooth and the socket of the mandible or maxilla
A

Gomphosis

87
Q

this joint has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones

  • Also known as amphiarthrodial joints
A

Cartilaginous joints

88
Q

These joints allow a small amount of motion such as bending/twisting and some compression

  • Small amount of motion = increased stability
  • More movement = decreased stability
A

Cartilaginous joints

89
Q

these joints have no direct contact union between ends of the bone instead there is a cavity

-Cavity is filled with synovial fluid located within a thick, sleeve like capsule

  • The outside of this capsule is a strong, fibrous material that holds the joint together
  • The inside is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
  • Provides shock absorption and is a major source of nutrition for cartilage
A

Synovial joints

90
Q

Articular surfaces of these joints are very smooth and covered with hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage

  • Allow for easy and functional movement
A

Synovial joints

91
Q

Synovial joints are also known as …?

A

diarthrodial joints – allowing free motion

92
Q

Most large joints in the body are what type of joint?

A

synovial joints

93
Q

linear movement, not angular and occurs secondary to other motions

A

Nonaxial

94
Q
  • Carpal bones in your wrists are very small and have a tight fit to them (intercarpal joints)
  • You cannot actively move your carpal bones in the wrist, the movement of these bones occur with wrist flexion, extention, etc…gliding
  • The carpal bones will move on each other with these motions
A

Nonaxial

95
Q

angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis

  • Hinge joint
  • Pivot joint
A

Uniaxial

96
Q

flexion/extension

  • Elbow
  • Interphalangeal joints
  • Knee – with the exception of the last few degrees of extension (as it rotates)

What kind of joint?

A

Hinge joint

97
Q

rotation

  • Radius/ulna
  • Atlas/axis

what kind of joint?

A

Pivot joint

98
Q

occurs in 2 different direction

  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
A

Biaxial joints

99
Q

(ellipsoidal) – flexion/extension with abduction/adduction

  • Wrist
  • Metaphalangeal
A

Condyloid

100
Q

flexion/extension with abduction/adduction and accessory rotation if necessary

  • Thumb or Carpo-metacarpal
  • Differs from a condyloid joint due to the arthrokinematics of the joint (to be covered by ch. 4)
A

Saddle

101
Q

also known as the multiaxial joints – motion occurs actively in all three axes

ball and socket

A

Triaxial joints

102
Q

Hip
Shoulder

what kind of joint?

A

Ball and socket

103
Q

Allows more motion than any other joint out there!

  • Flexion and extension
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Rotation

Review Tables 3-1 and 3-2

A

Triaxial joints

104
Q

Recipe for a joint

A
  1. Bones, 2 (typically but can be more)
  2. 1 joint capsule, inside lined with a synovial membrane
  3. Ligaments, quantity dependent on the joint
  4. 1-2 portions of cartilage – a dense fibrous connective tissue
  5. Tendons
  6. Tendon Sheaths
  7. Bursae
105
Q

Recipe for a joint

Near each other and articulate with each other

A

Bones, 2 (typically but can be more)

106
Q

Recipe for a joint

  • inside lined with a synovial membrane
  • Encase the above ingredients with capsule (in most ball and socket joints)
  • Fill with synovial fluid, produced by the synovial membrane
  • Much like the gooey clear part of an egg
A

1 joint capsule

107
Q

Recipe for a joint

  • quantity dependent on the joint
  • Hold above bones and capsule
  • Bands of fibrous connective tissue
  • Provide attachments for cartilage, fascia or muscle
  • Allows for flexibility but prevents excessive movement
A

Ligaments

108
Q

Recipe for a joint

a dense fibrous connective tissue

  • Hyaline or articular cartilage, covers the ends of opposing bones
  • Fibrocartilage – shock absorber such as the menisci in the knee joint or intervertebral disks or labrum in the hip/shoulder joints
  • Elastic cartilage – maintains the shape of the structure such as an ear or nose
A

1-2 portions of cartilage

109
Q

Recipe for a joint

  • Connects muscles to bones

Can be cylindrical or flat depending on the muscle (bicep tendon vs rotator cuff tendon)

  • Aponeurosis – broad, flat tendinous sheath that provides great strength

abdominals/latissimus dorsi

A

Tendons

110
Q

Recipe for a joint

Covers the tendons to prevent excess friction such as when the tendon passes through a tunnel

A

Tendon Sheaths

111
Q

Recipe for a joint

  • Small, pad like sacs to help reduce friction between moving parts in the joints
  • Can be natural or acquired due to excessive friction
A

Bursae

112
Q

broken bones from trauma or chronic use

  • Can include muscles, known as avulsions
A

Fractures

113
Q

complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint

  • Likely, a portion of the joint capsule will be torn
A

Dislocation

114
Q

a partial dislocation of a joint that usually occurs over a period of time

  • Commonly from weakened ligaments, overuse or medical etiology
  • Patients with a stroke, muscular weakness or paralysis when the weight a bone/joint pulls on the structural stability of the joint
A

Subluxation

115
Q

inflammation of a tendon

A

Tendonitis

116
Q

inflammation of a tendon sheath

A

Tenosynovitis

117
Q

inflammation of the synovial membrane

A

Synovitis

118
Q

inflammation of the bursa

A

Bursitis

119
Q

inflammation of a joint capsule

A

Capsulitis

120
Q

Splits the body into left and right segments

A

Sagittal plane

121
Q

Motions that occur in the sagittal plane are

A

Flexion and extension

122
Q

Sagittal plane Motions pivot around What axis

A

X axis

123
Q

Also known as the midsagittal plane or YZ plane
It is vertical and divides the body into left and right sides
Photographically, this is a side view

Movements in this plane are defined as flexion and extension

Special cases
In the wrist, the sagittal plane is through the 3rd digit
In the foot, the sagittal plane is through the 2nd ray

A

Sagittal Plane

124
Q

divides the body into front and back and is also known as the coronal plane

A

Frontal plane

125
Q

Motions that occur in the frontal plane are

A

abduction and adduction

126
Q

Frontal plane pivots around the

A

Z axis

127
Q

Also known as the coronal plane or XY plane

Parallel to the frontal bone and divides the body into front and back parts

Photographically, It is a frontal picture straight on looking at your face, or a picture of the back of your head

Motions that occur in this plane are defined as abduction and adduction
Abduction is a position or motion of the segment away from the midline, regardless of which segment moves

A

Frontal Plane

128
Q

divides the body into the top and the bottom

A

Transverse plane

129
Q

Motions that occur in the transverse plane

A

rotation

130
Q

this plane Pivots around the Y axis

A

Transverse

131
Q

Also known as the horizontal or XZ plane

Divides the body into upper and lower parts
Photographically, it is a picture from above

Motions that occur in this plane are medial and lateral rotation, pronation and supination

A

Transverse Plane

132
Q

The point of intersection of the three cardinal planes is called the …?

A

center of gravity

133
Q

In the human body, it is midline at about the level of and slightly anterior to the second sacral vertebrae.

A

center of gravity

134
Q

points that run through the center of the joint around which a part rotates

A

Axes

135
Q

front to back, with the frontal plane

A

Sagittal axis

136
Q

left to right/side to side, with the sagittal plane

A

Frontal axis

137
Q

head to toe, with the transverse plane

A

Vertical axis

138
Q

Joint movements occur around an axis that is always _________________to its plane

A

perpendicular

139
Q

The ability of the body to transform stereotyped angular motions of joints into more efficient curvilinear motion of parts

Joints are described by the number of planes for which they move in

A

Degrees of Freedom

DOF

140
Q

0 degrees of freedom

A

Nonaxial

141
Q

1 degree of freedom

A

Uniaxial

142
Q

2 degrees of freedom

A

Biaxial

143
Q

3 degrees of freedom

A

Triaxial

144
Q

This concept becomes important when determining total degrees of freedom for joints

Joints are classified according to the number of planes in which their segments move or the number of primary axes they possess

Joints that move in one plane, posses one axis and have one degree of freedom

A

Degrees of Freedom

145
Q
  • Nonaxial Joint
  • Joint type : irregular
  • Joint movement : gliding
  • Examples : intercarpals, skull bones
A

0 degrees of freedom

146
Q
  • Uniaxial Joint
  • Joint type : Pivot
  • Joint motion : Rotation
  • Examples : Atlas / Axis and Radius / Ulna
A

1 degree of freedom

147
Q
  • Uniaxial Joint
  • Joint type : Hinge
  • Joint movement : Flexion / Extension
  • Examples : interphalangeal joints, elbow and knee
A

1 degree of freedom

148
Q
  • Biaxial Joint
  • Joint type : Condyloid
  • Joint motions : flexion / extension and abduction / adduction
  • Example : Wrist, MP joints
A

2 degrees of freedom

149
Q
  • Biaxial Joint
  • Joint type : Saddle
  • Joint motions : Flexion / extension and abduction / adduction with rotation as an accessory
  • Example : Thumb, CMC
A

2 degrees of freedom

150
Q
  • Triaxial Joint
  • Joint type : Ball and Socket
  • Joint motions : flexion / extension and abduction / adduction and rotation
  • Example : Shoulder or Hip
A

3 degrees of freedom

151
Q

A combination of several joints or links connected in a way to allow movement is a kinetic chain. Because these links are connected, movement of one link causes motion at others in a predictable way.

Successively, the more distal segments can have higher degrees of freedom that do proximal ones

From the thoracic wall to the finger, there are at least 19 degrees of freedom in planar motions that can be identified

In the lower extremity, the 25 or more DOF between the pelvis and toe not only permit the foot to adjust to an irregular or slanting surface – but also allow the body’s center of gravity to be maintained within the small base of support of the planted foot

A

Kinetic Chains

152
Q
A

Kinesiology semester 3 (20 decks)

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