Muscular Adaptations

Question 1

Modes of atrophy

Answer 1

Ubiquitin - proteosome; calpain; lysosome

Question 2

Nerve degeneration order

Answer 2

myelin sheath breaks up distally, nerve terminal degenerate; muscle atrophies

Question 3

Clinical detection of muscle damage

Answer 3

Creatine kinase in serum for light damage; heavy damage results in muscular necrosis with accompanying increases in serum levels of muscular degradation byproducts

Question 4

Training causes

Answer 4

increased temperature and extracellular K levels

Question 5

Strength training causes

Answer 5

improved glycogen levels and enzymes and neural changes that improve lifting ability (optimization of recruitment patterns); hypertrophy comes with consistent practice

Question 6

Endurance training causes

Answer 6

increases in glycogen and glycogen enzymes as well, but also an increase in mitochondria and capillary density; there is not muscular hypertrophy

Question 7

Time limit for ATP energy to kick in

Answer 7

5 minutes

Question 8

Severe congenital muscular dystrophy

Answer 8

alpha-2-laminin missing

Question 9

Duchenne

Answer 9

dystrophin missing

Question 10

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 10

autoimmune against ACh receptor

Question 11

Malignant hyperthermia

Answer 11

ryanodine receptor; anesthetics and muscle relaxers lead to lactic acidosis and high fever

Question 12

McArdle’s Disease

Answer 12

glycogen phosphorylase deficiency; excessive tiredness after exercise (strength training)

Question 13

Tarui’s disease

Answer 13

PFK missing; exercise intolerance (strength)

Question 14

Missing carnitine palmitoyltransferase

Answer 14

exercise intolerance (endurance)

Question 15

Autonomic differences from Voluntary

Answer 15

di-synaptic; involuntary; cell bodies located in ganglia and the periphery; neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory; nerves originate from spinal column from the intermediolateral horn (as opposed to the ventral horn)

Question 16

PS spinal nerves

Answer 16

CN III, VII, IX, X S2-4

Question 17

Sympathetic nerves

Answer 17

T1-L2/3

Question 18

Ciliary muscle (Iris)

Answer 18

Sympathetic dilation via alpha receptor (mydriasis)

Question 19

Circular muscle (autonomics)

Answer 19

Parasympathetic constriction (miosis)

Question 20

SA Node (autonomics)

Answer 20

S: beta-1 speeds up; P- slows down

Question 21

Ventricles (autonomics)

Answer 21

S: beta-1 increased contractility

Question 22

Skin/viscera arterioles (autonomics)

Answer 22

S: alpha constriction

Question 23

skeletal muscle arterioles (autonomics)

Answer 23

S: alpha- constriction beta-2 dilation

Question 24

Lung bronchial muscles (autonomics)

Answer 24

S: beta-2 relaxation PS: contraction

Question 25

Lung gland secretion (autonomics)

Answer 25

S: alpha- decrease PS: increase

Question 26

Stomach motility (autonomics)

Answer 26

S: beta-2 decrease PS: increase

Question 27

Stomach secretions (autonomics)

Answer 27

S: alpha- decrease PS: increase

Question 28

Urinary detrusor muscle (autonomics)

Answer 28

S: beta-2 relaxation PS: contraction

Question 29

Penis (autonomics)

Answer 29

S: alpha ejaculation PS: erection (notably brought on by vasodilation)

Question 30

Skin (pilomotor) (autonomics)

Answer 30

S: alpha contraction

Question 31

Sweat glands (autonomics)

Answer 31

S: muscarinic secretion

Question 32

Autonomic metabolism

Answer 32

glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle and lipolysis in fat caused by sympathetic beta-2 receptor

Question 33

Beta adrenergic receptors use

Answer 33

Gs (Adenylyl Cyclase -> cAMP -> PKA)

Question 34

Alpha adrenergic receptors use

Answer 34

Gq (PLC+PIP2 -> DAG -> PKC)