Muscular Adaptations Flashcards
Modes of atrophy
Ubiquitin - proteosome; calpain; lysosome
Nerve degeneration order
myelin sheath breaks up distally, nerve terminal degenerate; muscle atrophies
Clinical detection of muscle damage
Creatine kinase in serum for light damage; heavy damage results in muscular necrosis with accompanying increases in serum levels of muscular degradation byproducts
Training causes
increased temperature and extracellular K levels
Strength training causes
improved glycogen levels and enzymes and neural changes that improve lifting ability (optimization of recruitment patterns); hypertrophy comes with consistent practice
Endurance training causes
increases in glycogen and glycogen enzymes as well, but also an increase in mitochondria and capillary density; there is not muscular hypertrophy
Time limit for ATP energy to kick in
5 minutes
Severe congenital muscular dystrophy
alpha-2-laminin missing
Duchenne
dystrophin missing
Myasthenia gravis
autoimmune against ACh receptor
Malignant hyperthermia
ryanodine receptor; anesthetics and muscle relaxers lead to lactic acidosis and high fever
McArdle’s Disease
glycogen phosphorylase deficiency; excessive tiredness after exercise (strength training)
Tarui’s disease
PFK missing; exercise intolerance (strength)
Missing carnitine palmitoyltransferase
exercise intolerance (endurance)
Autonomic differences from Voluntary
di-synaptic; involuntary; cell bodies located in ganglia and the periphery; neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory; nerves originate from spinal column from the intermediolateral horn (as opposed to the ventral horn)
PS spinal nerves
CN III, VII, IX, X S2-4
Sympathetic nerves
T1-L2/3
Ciliary muscle (Iris)
Sympathetic dilation via alpha receptor (mydriasis)
Circular muscle (autonomics)
Parasympathetic constriction (miosis)
SA Node (autonomics)
S: beta-1 speeds up; P- slows down
Ventricles (autonomics)
S: beta-1 increased contractility
Skin/viscera arterioles (autonomics)
S: alpha constriction
skeletal muscle arterioles (autonomics)
S: alpha- constriction beta-2 dilation
Lung bronchial muscles (autonomics)
S: beta-2 relaxation PS: contraction
