Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles constitute what percentage of body mass?

A

40-50%

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2
Q

Anatomical into of muscles

A

Myofibrils

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3
Q

Functional unit of muscles

A

Sarcomere

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4
Q

Are muscle cells excitable?

A

Some, yes. Eg: heart cells (AV nodes, SN nodes, Purkinje)

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5
Q

Define HYPERPLASIA

A

Increase in cell number

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6
Q

Define HYPERTROPHY

A

Increase in cell size

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7
Q

Define ATROPHY

A

Malnourished

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8
Q

Give substance to the following terms with respect to muscular tissue:
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy

A

Hyperplasia is not seen in muscles

Hypertrophy is seen in muscles (gym- body building)

Atrophy (PEM eg Kwashiorkar, Marasmus)

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9
Q

Why are certain muscles striated?

A

All muscles contain contractile actin and myosin proteins . In some muscles these proteins are arranged in an orderly manner (eg skeletal, cardiac) while in others (eg smooth) they ARE PRESENT, just not arranged in an orderly manner.

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10
Q

Do smooth muscles have troponin?

A

No, they have CALMODULIN

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11
Q

Cardiac muscles are multinucleate. Comment.

A

FALSE. Uninucleate.

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12
Q

Skeletal muscles are branched/Unbranched.

A

UNBRANCHED Skeletal muscles.

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13
Q

Which tissue out of the three classifications, is FUNCTIONALLY SYNCITIAL

A

Cardiac

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14
Q

Smooth muscles show fast/slow contractions.

A

Sloooooow

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15
Q

Smooth muscles are thickly wrapped with sarcolemma

A

FALSE

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16
Q

With respect to the outer connective sheath (epi-, Peri-, endo-) which ones are present in Cardiac

A

Endomysium

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17
Q

Out of the three connective sheaths which wrap muscles, which is absent in smooth muscles

A

Epimysium.

Smooth muscles have ENDOMYSIUM AND PERIMYSIUM

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18
Q

Skeletal muscles have which three connective sheaths which cover it

A

EPIMYSIUM, PERIMYSIUM, ENDOMYSIUM

19
Q

Define fascia, fascicle

A

One tube (fibre?) + ENDOMYSIUM = Unit A

Many units of A group together + PERIMYSIUM= Fascicle

Many fascicles come together and get covered by EPIMYSIUM to form fascia

20
Q

Why do red muscle cells have SLOW contractions (why white ones have fast muscle contractions)

A

Because red muscles cells may be having higher count of mitochrmondria which supplements their higher rate of contractions, but they have LESS SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM, hence a bit short on the calcium reserves which is seen in their slower contractions.

21
Q

Can muscle development be altered by training?

A

Yes, however HYPERPLASIA is never seen in muscle cells, HYPERTROPHY is. And accordingly, specific, customized training can shape the body in the a particular way.
Eg. Marathon runners and sprinters have different prominent skeletal muscle types. Former will have more developed red muscle fibres while the sprinters will have more white muscle fibres.

22
Q

Classification of smooth muscles based on gap junction.

A

Single unit (bladder) and multi unit muscles (iris, erector pili, large blood vessels)

23
Q

Where all do we find gap junctions (name three examples)

A

Epithelial
Cardiac
Single unit smooth muscles

24
Q

Brain tumour term

A

Glioma

25
Q

Which neuron is in direct contact with the external environment

A

Olfactory neuron

26
Q

Which neurons can divide

A

Olfactory neurons (in direct contact with the environment hence have to be replaced) and astrocytes (repair and form other cells)

27
Q

Term perikaryon refers to

A

Cyton/Soma i.e. cell body of a neuron

28
Q

Node to node conduction is aka

A

Saltatory conduction

29
Q

One Schwann cell wraps around one/many axons?

A

ONE axon (monogamous)

30
Q

Schwann cells are absent in non medullated neurons

A

False. They just don’t secrete the myelin sheath

31
Q

Neurilemma is continuous/discontinuous?

A

CONTINUOUS.

32
Q

Neurilemma is absent in?

A

C N S

Since Schwann cells are absent in CNS

33
Q

Oligodendrocytes are present in?

A

CNS

34
Q

Name two neuroglial cells which are responsible for myelin sheath formation

A
Oligodendrocytes (CNS, no neurilemma, wraps around many axons)
Schwann cells (PNS, neurilemma, wraps around only one axon)
35
Q

Neurons of which nervous system are completely non reparable

A

Central nervous system

36
Q

How do oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons of neurons?

A

They have cytoplasmic processes.

37
Q

Grey matter? White matter? Say whaaaaaat?

A

Myelin sheath gives white colour.

Brain: outer grey and inner white
(Periphery has the soma and dendrites, GREY while the inner portion has the axon which has the Myelin sheath which is white in colour)

Similarly, spinal cord: outer white, inner grey

38
Q

Unipolar neurons are present in

A

Embryonal neurons

39
Q

Sponges have what kind of neurons

A

Trick question haha

40
Q

Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are incurable “degenerative” diseases, why?

A

CNS relates and neurons of CNS are strictly irreparable.

41
Q

Knee jerk reflex stimuli travels where

A

Dorsal root ganglion (pseudounipolar neuron)

42
Q

Myelinated and non myelinated? Classification of?

A

Axons

43
Q

Which neuroglial cells form blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

44
Q

Which neuroglial cells repair and form other cells?

A

Astrocyte