Muscoskeletal system Flashcards
What are the functions of bone tissue?
- Creates the gross framework of the body
- Protects organs
- Forms joints that allow movement
- Provides attachment sites for muscles via tendons
- Storage of minerals, particularly calcium and phosphate
- Site of haemopoiesis
Haemopoiesis refers to the production of blood cells in the bone marrow.
What are the main types of bone structure?
- Periosteum
- Compact (cortical) bone
- Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
- Medullary cavity
The medullary cavity contains red and yellow bone marrow.
What types of bone marrow are found in the medullary cavity?
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow
Red marrow is responsible for haemopoiesis, while yellow marrow contains adipose tissue.
What are the specialized cells found in bone tissue?
- Osteoprogenitor
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
These cells play crucial roles in bone formation and resorption.
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodelling?
Osteoclasts are giant multinucleated cells that resorb bone by secreting lysosomal enzymes and acid to create resorption pits
Their activity is regulated by hormones and mechanical signals.
What factors regulate bone remodelling?
- Exercise/loading
- Inactivity/unloading
- Hormones (e.g., PTH, calcitonin)
- Signalling molecules from damaged bone
Hormones like oestrogen and testosterone also influence bone health.
What are the stages of bone healing?
- Haematoma
- Inflammation
- Fibrocartilage callus
- Bony callus
- Remodelling
Each stage plays a vital role in the healing process following a fracture.
What are the types of fractures based on their characteristics?
- Open (compound)
- Closed (simple)
- Pathological
- Stress
Fractures can also be categorized by their shape.
What are the common complications associated with fractures?
- Infection
- Blood supply issues
- Nerve damage
- Poor alignment
- Thromboembolism
- Fat embolism
These complications can affect the healing process and overall recovery.
What are synovial joints characterized by?
- Ligaments holding bones together
- Hyaline articular cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid
- Bursa preventing friction
Inflammation in these areas can lead to conditions like osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.
What is the sliding filament theory?
The theory explains that contraction occurs when thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments, shortening the muscle
This process is fundamental to muscle contraction in skeletal muscles.
What are the common types of soft tissue injuries?
- Contusion
- Haematomas
- Muscle or tendon strains
- Ligament sprains
These injuries can result from trauma or overuse.
Fill in the blank: Skeletal muscles work at joints as _______ pairs.
antagonistic
What is the role of the neuromuscular junction?
It is where somatic motor neurones stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
Dysfunction at this junction can lead to diseases such as myasthenia gravis.
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Calcium binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin to expose myosin binding sites on actin filaments
This is crucial for the sliding filament mechanism.
What is the RICE method for managing soft tissue injuries?
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
This method helps reduce swelling and promote healing.
