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Anatomy > Muscoskeletal System > Flashcards

Muscoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The muscoskeletal system includes

A

Bones, joints, muscles, cartilages and ligaments

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2
Q

The skeleton is divided into

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

The axial skeleton contains

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum and the hyoid bone

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4
Q

How many bones are there in the skull

A

22

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5
Q

The mandible is

A

The lower jaw

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6
Q

What is the hyoid bone

A

It is a station for the muscles to attach and its the only bone that does not articulate with another

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7
Q

Parts of the hyoid bone

A

Greater horn, lesser horn and the body

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8
Q

What’s the skeleton of the thorax

A

It’s an osseo cartilaginous cavity composed of: the sternum, ribs, costal cartilage and the thoracic vertebra

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9
Q

The function of the costal cartilage

A

It attaches the ribs to the sternum and provides flexibility to the thoracic cavity for its movement during respiration (inspiration and expiration)

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10
Q

The vertebral column is composed of

A

32- 33 vertebrae separated by invertebrates discs
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae and the coccyx

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11
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain

A

The pelvic bones and the bones of the upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

Functions of the bone

A
  1. Movement: it provides points of attachments for muscles
  2. Support: the backbone is the main support center for the upper body
  3. Protection of vital organs:the bones of your skull protect your lungs and heart from injury
  4. Makes blood: red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow
  5. Storage: they store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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13
Q

types of bone according to shape

A

Long bone (femur, humerus)
Short bone (carpal and tarsal bones)
Flat bone (scapula)
Irregular bone (vertebra)
Sesamoid bone (patella, front of the knee)
Pneumatic bone (skull contains air sinus)

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14
Q

Function of the sesamoid bones

A

They diminish friction between tendons and underlying bones

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15
Q

Function of the pneumatic bones

A
  1. They decrease the weight of the skull
  2. They lead to the resonance of voice
  3. They have a highly vascular mucosa to warm the inspired air
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16
Q

Parts of the long bone

A

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis, Epiphyseal plate (cartilage) and the medullary cavity

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

The ends of the bone
It is used for articulation and its articular surface is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft
It is covered externally by periosteum (around-bone)

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19
Q

Metaphysis

A

The part between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

It’s in the Metaphysis at each end of a long bone
It is the site of bone growth

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21
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity of the shaft which contains bone marrow

22
Q

Terms of external feature of bones

A

they said theyre read only but study them from slides just to be sure from slide 20 to 30 :)

23
Q

What are joints

A

They are the site of articulation (joining) between bones

24
Q

Classification of joints according to structure (the material joining the 2 bones)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

25
Q

Classification of joints according to movement

A

Immovable synarthroses (usually fibrous)
Slightly movable amphiarthroses (usually cartilaginous)
Freely movable diarthroses (usually synovial)

26
Q

Fibrous joints

A

When bones are connected by a fibrous tissue

27
Q

Examples for fibrous joints

A

Skull sutures (metopic suture, coronal suture, sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture)
Syndesmoses (distal end of fibula and tibia)
Gomphosis (between the root of the teeth and the socket of the jaw)

28
Q

When do the skull sutures move

A

In babies for brain growth and during labor when getting out of the birth canal

29
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

When bones are connected by cartilage

30
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis): made completely out of cartilage, no movement
secondary cartilaginous: made out of fibrocartilage, minimal movement

31
Q

Examples for primary cartilaginous joints

A

Chostochondral joint
Epiphyseal plate of cartilage

32
Q

Examples for the secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Intervertebral disc joints and the pubic symphysis

33
Q

Parts of synovial joints? / how they’re fixed (idk?)

A

Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Articulating cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of the bones (to decrease friction)
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
The joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane (severest the synovial fluid)
The joint cavity is filled with the synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint

34
Q

Types of synovial joints according to the axis of movement

A

Uniaxial ( hinge, pivot, plane)
Biaxial (named according to the shape of articular surfaces: condyloid, saddle)
Multiaxial (ball and socket)

35
Q

Uniaxial hinge

A

Only permits flextion and extension
Such as the elbow joint, the ankle and the interphalangeal (fingers) joints

36
Q

Uniaxial pivot

A

Rotation movements around the axis
Such as the radioulnar (forearm, pronation and supination)
Atlantoaxial: 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae (rotation of neck)

37
Q

Uniaxial plane

A

They allow gliding movement and articular surfaces are flat
Such as intercarpal and intertarsal joints (carpal bones of the hand and foot) and between vertebral articular processes

38
Q

The biaxial condyloid joint

A

The joint between the shallow depression of one bone and the rounded structure of another bone or bones
It permits flexion/extension and abduction/addiction
Such as the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

39
Q

The biaxial saddle joint

A

Joints where each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
Such as the carpometacarpal of the thumb (other fingers do not have saddle joints)

40
Q

Multi axial ball and socket

A

When a Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another
Allows : addiction, abduction, flexion, extension, elevation, depression and rotation
Such as the shoulder and hip joint

41
Q

Types of muscles

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

42
Q

about skeletal muscles

A

Attached to and produce movement of the skeleton
Voluntary muscles
The nerve supply: somatic nerves
It has 2 attachments, the origin ( the more fixed attachment) and the insertion (the more mobile attachment)

43
Q

How do skeletal muscles move

A

When muscles contract, its fibers shorten and the insertion moves towards the origin, thus producing movement at the related joint

44
Q

Action of skeletal muscles / muscles classification according to their action (function)

A

Prime movers (agonists)
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators (stabilizers)

45
Q

What are the prime movers (agonists)

A

They’re the muscles responsible for initiation of a particular movement

46
Q

What are antagonist muscles

A

They’re the muscles which oppose the action of prime movers

47
Q

What are synergist muscles

A

They’re the muscles that assist the prime mover in its role

48
Q

What are fixator muscles

A

They’re the muscles that help the prime mover by fixing its origin or keeping bones immobile when needed

49
Q

about smooth muscles

A

site : wallas of blood vessels and viscera
involuntary muscles
nerve supply : autonomic

50
Q

about cardiac muscles

A

site: myocardium of the heart
involuntary muscles
nerve supply: autonomic nerves

Anatomy (7 decks)

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