Bones of The Lower Limb Flashcards
the bones of the lower limb consist of
1. the pelvic girdle connects the lower limb to the trunk, it is formed of 2 hip bones and sacrum
2. bones of the thigh the femur
3. bones of the leg the tibua and fibula
4. bones of the foot the tarsal bones the metatarsals and the phalanges
what is the hip bones formed of
3 bones
Iliac bone: Its the upper part of the hip bone
Ischial bone: its the lower posterior part of the hip bone
Pubic bone its the lower anterior part of the hip bone
The acetabulum
The obturator foramen
Borders of the Iliac bone
it has 3 borders
1.upper border: called the iliac crest, the outer border of the iliac crest is called tubercle of iliac crest
2. anterior border which presents the anterior superior iliac spine & anterior inferior iliac spine
3. posterior border which presents the posterior superior iliac spine & posterior inferior iliac spine
Surfaces of the iliac bone
it has 2 surfaces
outer or gluteal surface which has 3 gluteal lines (posterior, middle and inferior)
onner or pelvic surface which shows iliac fossa, iliac tuberosity and auricular surface (with articulates with sacrum)
parts of the ischial bone
1. body
2. ischial tuberosity: for muscle attachment and it is related to bursa to reduce friction during sitting
3. ischial spine: which seperates the greater sciatic notch from the lesser sciatic notches
4. ischial ramus which joins the inferior pubic ramus to form ischiopubic (conjoint) ramus
ischiopubuc rami of both sides form the pubic arch
parts of the pubic bone
a. body
the body articulates with the medial surface of the opposite bone to form the symphysis pubis
the upper border is called pubic crest which ends laterally in a tubercle called pubic tubercle
b. superior pubic ramus
it has 3 surfaces:
1. pectineal surface and pectineal line
2. a smooth posterior pelvic surface
3. an inferior obturator surface which shows a groove for the passage of the obturator nerve and vessels
c. inferior pubic ramus
it joins the ischial ramus
it has 2 surfaces (outer and inner pelvic surface)
it has 2 borders (upper border forms part of the obturator foramen and lower border forms the pubic arch
whats the acetabulum
its a hollow depression on the lateral surface of the hip bone
a fibrocartilaginous lip called labrum acetabulare, which is attached to the margin of the acetabulum to increase its depth
the acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
whats the obturator foramen
a large opening below and in frony of the acetabulum
its filled with obturator membrane except superiorly
an obturator groove forms and obturator canal for the passage of obturatot vessels and nerves
Articulation of the hip bone
- Anterior with hip bone forming symphysis pubis
- Posterior with sacrum forming sacroiliac joint
- Lateral with femur forming hip joints
Articulating bone of the symphysis pubis and its type
Right and left superior pubic rami
Secondary cartilaginous joint
Articulating bones for the sacroiliac joint
Auricular surface of the iliac and the sacrum
Sacroiliac joint type and movement
Synovial plane
Sliding movement and weight transmission from axial skeleton to
What are the vertebropelvic ligaments
1. Iliolumbar ligament:extends from the tip of L5 transverse process to iliac crest
2. Lumbosacral ligament: extends from the inferior aspect of L5 transverse process to the lateral part of the ala of sacrum
3. Sacrotuberus ligament: it extends between posterior iliac spines, lower part of the sacrum and coccyx and ischial tuberosity
4. Sacrospinous ligament: extends from ischial spine to the lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
Functions of the vertebropelvic ligaments
- the iliolumber and the lumbersacral ligaments prevent the anteroinferior displacement of L5 vertebra under the effect of body weight
- The sacrotuberus and the sacrospinous ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramina
They also prevent the upward tilting of the lower part of sacrum under the effect of body weight
Articulating bones of the hip joint
The acetabulum articulates with head of femur
Hip joint type and movement
Ball and socket
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Medical and lateral rotation
Circumduction
Ligaments of the hip and their function
1. Iliofemoral ligament: it prevents over extension of the hip during standing
2. Pubofemoral ligament: it limits extension and abduction
3. Ischiofemoral: it limits extension
4.ligament of the head of the femur: it’s attached to a fovea on the head of the femur and sides of the acetabular notch
It transmits blood supply for the head
whats the longest and strongest bone in the body
the femur bone
parts of the upper end of the femur
• head (fovea capitius) and neck
• greater trochanter its medial surface showstrochanteric fossa
•lesser trochanter
•intertrochanteric line (anterior) & intertrochanteric crest (posterior) between greater and lesser trochanter
-the intertrochanteric line makes a spiral turn medially, to form the spiral line
-the angle between the neck and the shaft is 125°
parts of the femur shaft
- anterior surface convex and smooth anteriorly
-
posterior surface has:
a. gluteal tuberosity (lateral)
b. pectineal line (medial)
c. spiral line (medial)
d. linea aspera (has medial and lateral lips)
e. medial and lateral super condolylar ridges
f. popliteal surface of femur
parts of the lower end of the femur
Medial and lateral condyles: the Lateral condyle is more prominent, and shows popliteal groove
the two condyles are fused anteriorly to form a patellar surface and separated posteriorly to form an intercondylar fossa
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Adductor tubercle is prominence present at the lower end of the medial supracondylar line.
