Bones of The Upper Limb Flashcards
the upper limb bones are
clavicle, scapula humerus, ulna, radius, 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges
clavicle definition
its a long bone which has 2 ends and a shaft
its called a modified long bone because it has no medullary cavity
its the only long bone placed horizontally
clavicle ends
2 ends
medial (sternal)
lateral (acromial)
clavicle shaft
its medial ⅔ is convex anteriorly
its later ⅓ is covex posteriorly (concave anteriorly)
clavicle surfaces
the upper surface is smooth
the lower surface rough contains in the middle subclevius groove laterally conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge
articulation of the clavicle joints
sternoclavicular joint and the acromioclavicular joint
sternoclavicular joint articulating bones
sternal end of clavicle with sternum
acromioclavicular joint articulating bones
lateral end of clavicle with acromium
scapula definition
its a flat (triangular) bone, lies in an olique plane on the posterior-lateral aspect of the upper part of the chest wall
parts of the clavicle
- 2 ends: medial (sternal) and lateral (acromial)
the medial end is bulky and the lateral end is flat - 2 surfaces (upper and lower)
the lower surface shows subclavius groove in the middle and conoid tubercle & trapezoid ridge laterally - 2 borders (anterior and posterior)
- its medial ⅔ is covex anteriorly and its lateral ⅓ is convex posteriorly
function of the clavicle
- it transmits weight and forces from upper limb to the axial skeleton
- it protects the vessels and nerves running behind it
what part of the clavicle is the most common to be fractured? why?
the ⅓ middle is the most common site to be fractured in the U.L.
because its protruding
borders of the scapula
- superior border (+ the suprascapular notch)
- medial border (vertebral)
- lateral border
angles of the scapula
- superior at 2nd thoracic spine
- inferior at 7th thoracic spine
- lateral angle (glenoid cavity/ supra and infra glenoid tubercle)
processes of scapula
spinous process (spine), acromium process and coracoid process
surfaces of the scapula
costal surface (subscapular fossa)
dorsal surface ( supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa)
articulation of the scapula joints
shoulder joint
shoulder joint articulating bones
head of humerus with glenoid cavity
movements of the shoulder or the arm
- flexion and extension
- abduction and adduction
- medial and lateral rotation
- circumduction
humerus definition
its a long bone (the bone of the arm) ot has an upper and lower end and a shaft
the upper end of the humerus consists of
1. head
2. greater tuberosity (tubercle, lateral)
3. lesser tuberosity (tubercle, medial)
4. Inter-tubercular (biciptal) groove which is located in front of upper part of the shaft, the groove has a lateral lip, medial lip and floor
5. surgical neck
6. anatomical neck
the shaft of the humerus consists of
A. three surfaces
1. antero-medial surface
2. antero-lateral surface shows the deltoid tuberosity
3. posterior surface shows spiral or radial groove (radial nerve passes across)
B. three borders
1. anterior border
2. medial and lateral borders forming medial and lateral supracondylar rigdes respectively
lower part of humerus consists of
1. 2 epicondyles medial and lateral
2. trochlea medially for articulation with trochlea of ulna
3. capitulum laterally for articulation with head of radius
4. 3 fossae radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly and olecranon fossa posteriorly
whats the carrying angle
it is the angle begween the long axis of humerus and the long axis of extended supinated forearm
it allows free movements of upper limb away from the pelvis and helps carrying objects
the normal range is 5 to 15 degrees
abnormalities of carrying angle
decreased angle below 5 degrees is cubitus vargus
increased angle above 15 degrees is cubitus valgus
articulating bones of the elbow joint
trochlea and capitulum of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
movement of the elbow joint
flexion and extension
ulna definition
it is a long bone forming the medial bone of the forearm
radius definition
it is a long bone forming the lateral bone of the forearm, it had an upper end, shaft and a lower end
the upper part of the radius consists of
the head which has 2 articular surfaces (articulates with the capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna) [upper surface and its circumference]
the neck
the radial tuberosity
The shaft of the radius has
3 borders (anterior, prosterior and medial borders or interosseous)
3 surfaces (anterior, posterior and lateral)
the lower end of the radius has
5 surfaces
1. anterior (smooth) rough
2. posterior, it has dorsal tubercle
3. lateral shows styloid process
4. medial surface form ulnar notch of radius (articulates with head of the ulna)
5. inferior smooth articular surfaces (articulates with carpal bones)
joints of radius and ulna
- proximal radioulnar joint
- distal radioulnar joint
- wrist joint
articulating bones of the proximal radioulnar joint
head of the radius, radial notch of the ulna and annular ligament
articulating bones of the distal radioulnar joint
head of the ulna, ulnar notch of the radius
what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint
pivot synovial
what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint
pivot synovial
articulating bones of the wrist joint
above: inferior surface of radius and articular disc
below: Scaphoid-lunate-triquetrum
wrist joint type
synovial condyloid joint
sternoclavicular joint type
synovial plane
acromioclavicular joint type
synovial plane
shoulder joint type
ball and socket synovial
elbow joint type
hinge synovial
bones of the hand
carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges
the carpal bones
the proximal row is formed of 4 bones from lateral to medial: schapoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform
the distal row is formed of 4 bones from lateral to medial : trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate
how many metacarpal bones are there in a hand
5, named one to five from lateral to medial
how many phalanges
each finger has 3 phalanges except thumb has only two
they are named proximal, middle and distal
joints of the hand
- intercatpl joints
- carpometacarpal joints (4 medial fingers)
- carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
- metacarpophalangeal joints
- proximal interphalangeal joints
- distal inter phalangeal joints
what type of joint is each of the hands joints
- intercarpal joints -> plane synovial
- carpometacarpal joints -> plane synovial
- metacarpophalangeal (fingers) -> comdyloid joint
- metacarpophalangeal (thumb) -> saddle joint
- interphalangeal-> hinge synovial
