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MEDSCI142 > Musco-skeletal > Flashcards

Musco-skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Usage of word ‘bone’

A

As the organ, or the tissue

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2
Q

Functions of bone

A 
Protection
Support
Movement
Calcium/phosphorus reserve
Haemopoeisis (red)
Fat storage (yellow)
(or please stop making children have fatalities)
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3
Q

Axial bone

A

Ribs, vertebrae, skull

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4
Q

Appendicular bone

A

All movement bones, non-axial

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5
Q

Red bones are

A

Axial

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6
Q

Yellow bones are

A

Appendicular

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7
Q

Longitudinal sections of a long bone

A 
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
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8
Q

Outer layer of bone

A

Periosteum (fibrocellular)

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9
Q

Inner layer of bone

A

Endosteum (fibrocellular)

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10
Q

Bone marrow located

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

Sharpey’s fibres

A

Fibres joining periosteum to endosteum

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12
Q

ECM of bone

A

Fibre -> Collagen (I,V) for stretch and pull

Ground substance -> hydroxyapatite for squeezing and compression

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13
Q

Cells of bone

A 
Osteogenic stem cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
For torsion forces (twisting)
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14
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Outside layer of epiphysis, where periosteum is not

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15
Q

Layers of epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone

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16
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Spaces in-between bone, or trabeculae

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17
Q

Spongy bone design

A

Trabeculated, covered in endosteum, for support of perpendicular forces

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18
Q

Mesenchyme stem cells give rise to ____ what is this cells function/location?

A

Osteogenic cells, found in peri/endosteum and central canal of compact bone, lays dormant mainly, divides into other bone cells (not osteoclast)

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19
Q

Osteoblasts location function and precursor

A

Location - Where bone is forming, peri/endosteum
Function - To form new bone by making osteoid
Precursor - Osteogenic stem cells

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20
Q

Osteocytes function, location and precursor

A

Location - Lacunae, cell processes through canaliculi
Function - Maintenance of bone, communication to other osteocytes. Cellular processes extend to other osteocytes
Precursor - Osteoblast gets trapped in lacunae and becomes osteocyte

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21
Q

What is osteoid made of

A

Collagen

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22
Q

Precursor of osteoblast

A

Blood monocyte progenitor cell fusion

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23
Q

How are osteoblasts formed

A

Monocyte progenitor cells fuse to form a syncytium

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24
Q

Function/shape of osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleated cell, convoluted.

Secretes acid and acid activated enzymes to break down hydroxyapatite and proteins

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25
Q

What happens after osteoblasts break down bone?

A

Endocytosis/exocytosis

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26
Q

Space between bone tissue and osteoclast

A

Howship’s lacunae

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27
Q

A section of bone has only flat cells. What is this cell type, and what is the state of this section of tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells, resting

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28
Q

Difference in diameter of adults bone from childrens

A

Adult has wider diameter, but just larger lumen. Width of tissue wall similar

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29
Q

Why can’t bone grow through interstitial growth

A

Too dense

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30
Q

What is the growth of bone called?

A

Appositional growth

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31
Q

Outline bone growth

A

On periosteum, appositional growth occurs

At endosteum, reabsorption occurs.

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32
Q

Outline appositional growth

A

Signal to ostegenic cell
Cells multiply to create osteoblasts
Osteoblasts reside between osteogenic cells and bone tissue
Osteblasts lay osteiod, some become trapped and turn into ostecytes
Osteiod is calcified
Osteoblasts die, or revert to osteogenic cells

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33
Q

When do canaliculi grow

A

During bone formation

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34
Q

Ricket’s disease

A

Lack of calcification from malnutrition

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35
Q

Outline bone reabsorption

A

Monocyte progenitor cells combine to create a syncytium (osteoclast)
Osteoclast at endosteum, moves between bone tissue and osteogenic cells
Secrets acid and enzymes to break bone down
Broken down bone is endocytosed and then exocytosed
Osteoclasts undergo apoptosis

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36
Q

Why do bones have different strengths at different ages?

A

Ratios between rates of appositional growth and bone reabsorption change

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37
Q

How do long bones lengthen?

A

At epiphysis, articulate hyaline cartilage grows outward due to chondrocytes, boarder where articulate cartilage meets epiphysis is where cartilage dies and bone is replaced instead

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38
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Where articulate plate origninally sat

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39
Q

Types of bone

A

Woven bone and lamellar bone

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40
Q

Outline properties and instances of woven bone

A

Found in infants and following tissue trauma.
Wavy collagen fibers
Not a dense arrangement
Cannot withhold tension
Is like this as bones were under no tension in the womb

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41
Q

Outline properties and instances of lamellar bone

A 
In grown adults/mature bone
Very strong
Collagen layers
multidirectional layering
means tension can be withheld from multiple directions
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42
Q

Outline spongy bone properties/where it can be found

A 
Found at epiphysis
Trabeculated
Trabeculae covered in endosteum
Lots of osteoclasts
Blood vessels are found in medullary cavity
Grows from outwards inwards
layered bone
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43
Q

How come osteocytes in trabeculae of spongy bone get nutrients?

A

Only can be a certain thickness

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44
Q

Outline compact bone properties/where it can be found

A

Found in diaphysis
Cylindrical layers called osteons
Volkmann’s canal/haverstian canal runs through oseons
Nutrients goes from inside to outside

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45
Q

Types of lamellar bone

A

Circumferential
Interstitial
Concentric

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46
Q

How are primary osteons formed

A

During appositional growth, periosteum grows faster than bone, which creates ridges that become enclosed
After this, The endosteum of the ring forms bone inwards to narrow the tunnel (blood vessels reside here)

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47
Q

What is the type of lamellae found in osteons?

A

Concentric

48
Q

Issue with excess circumferential lamellae?

A

Increased distance, difficulty designing blood supply

49
Q

How are secondary osteons formed

A

Monocyte progenitor cells from blood vessels leave blood vessel, forming syncytiums (osteoclasts)
Osteoclasts form a cutting cone, or drill that moves through the old bone clearing it away 1mm/20days
osteogenic cells move in behind, forming endosteum
Endosteum lays down new bone from outside inwards
blood vessels following the osteoclasts

50
Q

What is the cement line

A

Where new bone has began to form against old bone

51
Q

Maximum width of bone for blood/nutrient perfusion

A

0.4mm

52
Q

In X-ray, how is new bone identified

A

Darker due to less calcification, probes leave larger inprint as bone is softer

53
Q

Define an arthrosis

A

Any point where 2 or more bones meet

54
Q

Functions of arthrosis

A

Movement
Force transmission
Growth

55
Q

What is the fontanelle

A

Soft region of diarthrosis on babies head

56
Q

Typer of arthrosis

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

57
Q

Function of synarthrosis

A

high stability, low movement, in axial skeleton, absorb forces

58
Q

Function of amphiarthrosis

A

Some movement, not entirely free movement, some stability

59
Q

Function of diarthrosis

A

Freely mobile, low stability

60
Q

Ankylosis

A

fusion of arthrosis

61
Q

What tissue type are simple synovial joints

A

Diarthrosis joints

62
Q

Features of synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage
Articular Capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid

63
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Specialized hyaline cartilage

64
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

Protection of the ends of bones, support, shock absorption, friction-less surface, heavy loads etc

65
Q

What is articular cartilage made of

A 
Cells (5%)
 - Chondrocytes
ECM (95%)
 - Ground substance 
    - Water, soluble ions, GAGs and PGs
 - Fibres 
    - Collagen type ll
66
Q

Function of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in articular cartilage

A

Water compartment/swelling of tissue

67
Q

Forces which cartilage resists

A

Expansion (swelling force), compression, shear

68
Q

Regions/zones of articular cartilage

A
  1. Surface zone (5-10%)
    - Low PG, horizontal fibers for shear force
  2. Middle zone (40-45%)
    - More collagen & PG
    - Les compact arrangement
    - Criss-cross or 45 degree fibers
  3. Deep zone
    - Nests of cells
    - Most PG
    - Vertical fibers
  4. Tidal mark
    - Calcification
  5. Calcified zone
  6. Cement line
    - Collagen binds to this
    - Cells here and from tidal mark down secrete hydroxyapatite
69
Q

Vasculature of cartilage

A

No vessels, nerves or lymphatics

70
Q

how does cartilage prevent expansion force

A

Fibers from surface zone steepen and anchor to lamellear bone bellow, holding tension

71
Q

What does GAG stand for, and how is it made?

A

Glycosaminoglycan
Made out of repeating units of disaccharides
Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together

72
Q

Examples of GAGs, and their charges

A

Chrondriotin (-), keratin sulphate (-)

73
Q

Outline hyaluronic acid

A

A long GAG, very very long, that has proteoglycans on it and is therefore a proteoglycan complex

74
Q

Proteoglycans??

A

A protein core with GAGs bound to it

75
Q

Where is hyaluronic acid commonly found, and why

A

In the middle to deep zone or articular cartilage, attached to collagen fibers.
The negative charges of the GAGs on the core proteins draw positive ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+) into the cartilage, and this draws water inwards also due to a change in osmotic gradient

76
Q

Influx of water in articular cartiage stops when

A

Unloaded equilibrium is reached. This is when swelling force of water equals tension of collagen

77
Q

What happens to articular cartilage under compression?

A

Water is squeezed out

78
Q

What is the fluid component of articular cartilage?

A

Water and ions

79
Q

How do chondrocytes in articular cartilage get nutrients/get rid of waste?

A

By dissolving water and CO2 in the water

80
Q

What is an osteophyte

A

Bone growing in a synovial joint where it shouldn’t be

81
Q

Layers of articular capsule

A

Fiberous (outer) and synovial membrane (inner)

82
Q

Outline what the fiberous layer of the articular capsule is made of

A

Dense (irregular or regular connective tissue)
Fibroblasts, nerves, few blood vessels etc
Specifically pain and proprioceptive nerves

83
Q

What is the purpose of irregular dense connective tissue in the articular capsule?

A

To resist forces from varying directions

84
Q

Where does the fiberous layer of the articular capsule end

A

Meets periosteum

85
Q

Outline the synovial membrane

A

Has an intima and subintima layer
Loose variable connective tissue
Villi to increase surface area
In subintima layer, there are few fibroblasts, some macrophages, adipocytes, blood vessels, etc
In intima layer, there are synoviocytes, that secrete hyaluronic acid and lubricating proteins

86
Q

Where are synovial membranes found

A

Lines the entire joint cavity in absence of articular cartilage

87
Q

Where does synovial fluid come from?

A

It is a blood plasma filtrate from the vessels in the subintima layer of the articular capsule

88
Q

Outline the features of the joint cavity

A

It is a potential space rather than a cavity
Cartilage on cartilage contact is only about 50%
Very little (max 2ml) synovial fluid

89
Q

How do muscles create movement

A

Conversion of ATP into mechanical movement

90
Q

Functions of muscles

A 
Movement
Stability
Communication
Control of body openings and passages
Heat production (over 80% of bodies heat)
91
Q

What is the region where a tendon joins to bone called

A

Osteotendinous junction

92
Q

MTJ

A

Myotendinous junction

93
Q

Insertion of muscle

A

The attachment that moves the most, typically appendicular

94
Q

Origin of muscle

A

The attachment that moves the least, typically axial

95
Q

average width of a myocyte

A

10/100 micro meters

96
Q

Zones of a myofibril

A

Z bands, I bands, A bands

97
Q

Dark bands vs light bands

A

Dark bands are A, Light bands are I

98
Q

What is a fasicle

A

A group of myocytes

99
Q

What is a fascile surrounded by

A

Perimysium

100
Q

What is a muscle immediately surrounded by

A

Epimysium

101
Q

What are myocytes surrounded by (immediately then after)

A

Basement membrane then endomysium

102
Q

What are myofibrils surrounded by

A

Sarcoplasm

103
Q

What are muscles coated in?

A

Deep fascia

104
Q

Where are most of the blood vessels and nerves found in a muscle

A

In the endomysium within a fasicle

105
Q

From outside to inside, what are the layers of the muscle

A

Skin -> Subcutaneous/superficial fascia -> Deep fascia -> Epimysium -> Muscle -> perimysium -> fasicle -> endomysium -> basement membrane -> myocyte

106
Q

With a microscope, what is the smallest section of a muscle you will be able to see?

A

Myofibrils

107
Q

Intermuscular septa

A

Barrier inbetween muscles

108
Q

Where deep fascia meets bone is called

A

Periosteum

109
Q

How do muscles grow

A

Hypertrophy

110
Q

Outline hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy is the muscle cells getting bigger, with more organelles such as myofibrils forming
Hyperplasia is the growth of numbers of cells

111
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Death of cells

112
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscles getting smaller in inter-cellular contents

113
Q

Outline anabolic steriods

A

Increases the protein synthesis processes in the body, resembles puberty

114
Q

Outline function of satellite cells

A

They are myoblasts that sit in the outside of the cell and can multiply, this is why myocytes are a syncytium

115
Q

Functions of the epi/peri/endomysium

A
  1. organisation and scaffolding
  2. Blood vessels and nerves
  3. Protect/prevent overstretching
  4. Distribute force of muscle
116
Q

How is contraction and distribution of force in muscles even?

A

Through desmin proteins that link adjacent Z discs together, and through protein complexes that link the outer most myofibril’s Z line/disc to the sarcolemma, basement membrane and endomysium

MEDSCI142 (9 decks)

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