Endocrine & Autonomic Flashcards
What are the 2 most general areas of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
What is the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system?
Somatic –> voluntary. Autonomic –> involuntary
Define afferent
sensory
define efferent
effector/motor
What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic & parasympathetic
Describe the steps of a synapse
- Action potential at presynaptic neruon 2. opening of voltage gated calcium channels and influx of calcium into presynpatic neuron 3. neruotransmitters fuse to vesicle and diffuse across synaptic clef to postsynaptic neuron 4. neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated protein channels 5. influx of Na ions
What are some of the aspects of the alarm response?
Increased heart rate Vasoconstriction/increase blood pressure Pupil dilation Increase heart rate and contractile force Decreased saliva & gut function Dilation of bronchi Contraction of arrector pili muscles Sweat secretion Decreased digestion Increased blood sugar Increased water retention
Medically, what is the alarm response referred to as?
Sympathetic nervous response
What are some of the aspects of the relaxation response?
Decreased heart rate & contractile force Pupil contraction Increased saliva Constriction of bronchi Dilation of peripheral blood vessels Increased digestion rate
Medically, what is the relaxation response referred to as?
Parasympathetic nervous response
How many neurons are involved with the autonomic pathway?
2, pre and post ganglionic
How many neurons are involved with the somatic pathway?
1
What are the neurotransmitters for the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What are the neurotransmitters for the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic nerve response?
Acetylcholine pre ganglionic, norepinephrine post ganglionic (Sweat is ACh/ACh)
What neurotransmitters are involved in the parasympathetic nerve response?
Acetylcholine both pre and post ganglionic
What is the HPA complex?
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands
What is paracrine?
Local hormones
What is autocrine?
effects own cell
What are the two classifications of hormones?
Lipid soluble and water soluble
What is the pathway of lipid soluble hormones?
From carrier in blood stream, diffuse across membrane, bind to nucleonic receptors and direct mRNA response
What is the pathway of water soluble hormones?
bind to surface receptors, creates G-protein response
What are the sections of the pituitary gland?
Posterior and anterior
What is the vasculature of the pituitary gland referred to as?
Hypophyseal portal veins
How many hormones are associated with the hypothalamus?
9
How many hormones are associated with the pituitary gland?
7
What are the sections of the adrenal glands?
Capsule, cortex, medulla
What is the function of the medulla?
Linked to pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons, synapses with medulla cells releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine that extend and enhance sympathetic response
Function of epinephrine & norepinephrine?
Extend and enhance sympathetic response
The stress response is categorized by what steps?
- sympathetic response 2. Medulla response 3. Cortex response
What is the name for hormone B released by the cortex?
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Describe how cortisol is released from the cortex
CRH from hypothalamus, releases ACTH from Ant.pituitary gland, which releases cortisol from the adrenal glands
What are the functions of corisol?
- Increased protein breakdown
- Gluconeogenesis in liver
- Lipolysis in adipose tissue
- Altered blood vessel sensitivity to vasoconstriction
- Anti-inflammatory to limit tissue damage
- Alters immune response
What are the two types of stress?
Eustress (acute), chronic stress (long term).
What controls human growth and where does it come from?
hGH, anterior pituitary gland
