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MEDSCI142 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of blood in systemic

A

84%

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2
Q

Percentage of blood in pulmonary

A

9%

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3
Q

What does S.V.C and I.V.C stand for

A

Superior vena cava

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4
Q

Where does blood in svc/ivc come from

A

Inferior vena cava

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5
Q

Midline of heart is called

A

Interventricular sulcus

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6
Q

Right atrial pressure

A

5mmHg

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7
Q

Right ventricle pressure

A

27mmHg

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8
Q

Left atrial pressure

A

8mmHg

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9
Q

Left ventricle pressure

A

120mmHg

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10
Q

Left inlet valve

A

Mitral/bicuspid

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11
Q

Left outlet valve

A

Aortic valve

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12
Q

Right inlet valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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13
Q

Right outlet valve

A

Pulmonary outlet valve

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14
Q

Features of bicuspid/mitral value

A

Two cusps, Chordae tendineae, papillary muscles

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15
Q

Ventricular pressure ratio

A

5:1

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16
Q

Ventricular wall ratio

A

3:1 (12-15mm/4-5mm)

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17
Q

Right border comprised of

A

Right atrium

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18
Q

Inferior border comprised of

A

Right ventricle

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19
Q

Apex orrientation

A

Inferior, left, anterior

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20
Q

Left border comprised of

A

Left ventricle

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21
Q

Cardio thorasic ratio

A

Normally 50%, heart width:chest width

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22
Q

Rheumatic fever diagnosis: Issue and symptoms

A

Streptococcal infection, attacks/damages aortic valve, poor healing of valve (irregular, cusps fused at aortic wall). Aortic stinosus, left ventricle works harder, left ventricular hypertrophy, impeded blood supply to coronary arteries, stiff heart, small lumen volume.

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23
Q

Serous membrane around heart

A

Pericardium

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24
Q

Layers of pericardium and myocardium

A

Outside, fibrous, parietal, pericardial space (serous fluid), visceral/epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, lumen

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25
Q

Function and association of fibrous skeleton

A

Structure & support of valves, insulate electrical activity, associated with all valves other than pulmonary.

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26
Q

Path of action potentials in heart contraction

A

Sinoatrial node, myocardium muscle, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, purkinje fibres

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27
Q

Relative speeds of nodes/action potentials in reagards to heart conduction system

A

SA -> Atrial muscle (slow, 0.5m/s)
AV (Very slow, 0.055m/s)
AV bundle –> purkinje fibres (fast, 5m/s)

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28
Q

How long is the delay between SA and AV node action potential propagation and what is the purpose of this?

A

100ms, to allow for organised contraction (atrium then ventricle)

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29
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Atrial contraction
  3. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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30
Q

Types of vessels

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Capillaries
  5. Venule
  6. Vein
  7. Coronary arteries
    (Even Mum Acts Carefully, Very Very Carefully)
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31
Q

Structure/Function/location of elastic arteries

A 
Thin sheets of elastin in middle tunic
Aorta/pulmonary arteries
Stretches to accommodate volume
Elastic recoil maintains blood flow
Absorb pressure pulse
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32
Q

Structure/Function/location of muscular arteries

A

Layer of smooth muscle in middle tunic, externa, media, interna tunics
Found in lungs and around body
Distribute blood, flow is proportional to radius 4th power

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33
Q

Structure/Function/Location of Arterioles

A

Areas of great pressure drops, and resistance.
1-3 layers of smooth muscle, thicker muscles wall relative to lumen (very strong)
Controls blood flow into capillary beds
CONSTRICTION DETERMINES:
total peripheral resistance which impacts mean arterial blood pressure

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34
Q

Structure/Function/Location of Capillaries

A

Located at muscle sites and everywhere
Small, thin walled, one blood cell thick, single layer endothelium, no muscle or CT
Leaky, allow gas exchange and nutrient/waste exchange

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35
Q

Structure/Function/Location of Venules

A

Small, CT & one layer of endothelium, sometimes a layer of smooth muscle
Drain capillary beds, low pressure, white blood cell migration

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36
Q

Structure/Function/Location of Veins

A

similar to muscular artery, thinner, back-flow valves also
Returns blood back to right atrium when it is compressed by neighboring muscles, acts also as volume reserve (64% total blood volume)

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37
Q

Structure/Function/Location of Coronary arteries

A

Located at the ascending aorta
Supplies myocardium with oxygenated blood, cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back to R.A.
Simple small muscular arteries

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38
Q

Average cardiac output at rest

A

5L/min

39
Q

How to calculate cardiac output

A

L.V. volume * H.R.

40
Q

Max cardiac output

A

20L/min

41
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between resting CO and Maximal CO

42
Q

CO formula

A

CO = HR x SV

43
Q

Factors of stroke volume

A

Pre-load
Inotropy (contractility)\
After load

44
Q

Define pre-load

A

The pressure provided by pulmonary circuit into left ventricle, causing stretch

45
Q

Define inotropy

A

Forcefulness of contraction

46
Q

Define after load

A

Pressure in arteries needed to overcome in order to achieve ventricular ejection

47
Q

Frank-Starling Law 1920s

A

More blood in –> More blood out

48
Q

Define positive inotropy agent and provide an example

A

Increases contractility of the heart via promoting inflow of CU ions into myocardium i.e. Sympathetic Nervous System

49
Q

Define negative inotropy agent and provide an example

A

Decreases contractility of the heart via increasing potassium ions and therefore hyperpolaristion

50
Q

Calculate stroke volume

A

difference between volume prior to ventricular filling and volume after atrial contraction

51
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Percentage of volume pumped out of heart (60-70%)

52
Q

At what ejection fraction will heart failure occur

A

50%

53
Q

Normal and dangerous levels of BP

A

over 90mmHg diastolic, over 140mmHg systolic

54
Q

ECG definition and function

A

Electrocaridogram, detects sum of electrical activity in the heart

55
Q

Intrinsic rhythm of sinoatrial node

A

90-100bpm

56
Q

Intrinsic rhythm of atrialventricular node

A

~50bpm

57
Q

Fibrilation

A

Disordered/random coordination of contraction due to loss of rhythm of action potential propogation

58
Q

Duration of cardiac action potential compared to standard neuron action potential

A

300ms vs 1-2ms

59
Q

How come tetani of myocardium does not occur?

A

Action potential duration exceeds contraction dutration

60
Q

P wave ECG graph

A

Depolarization of atria

61
Q

R wave ECG graph

A

Depolarization of ventricle

62
Q

T wave ECG graph

A

Repolarization of ventricle

63
Q

P-Q & Q-T represents

A

Time delay between contraction of atria and ventricle

64
Q

CNS involvement in heart

A

Cardiovascular centre in medulla

65
Q

Facets of ANS

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

66
Q

Sympathetic NS on heart

A

Impacts SA node via spine, noreadrenaline increases heart rate and stroke volume

67
Q

Parasympathetic NS on heart

A

Vagus nerve in neck, acetylcholine, decreases heart rate

68
Q

Parasympathetic or sympathetic, which is faster acting on heart?

A

Parasympathetic. Sympathetic takes 3-4 seconds

69
Q

Function and location of baroreceptors

A

Detects stretch/blood pressure increase of elastic arteries (pulmonary & aortic artery), sends information to the brain to activate SNS to increase heart rate.
Located on the arteries

70
Q

Function of the heart

A

Supply

71
Q

How do we change/stabilize BP

A

Change HR, SV or TPR

72
Q

What vessels alter BP

A

Arterioles

73
Q

Mean BP

A

Average blood pressure, MBP = CO x TPR

74
Q

Systolic BP

A

High blood pressure (ventricular ejection)

75
Q

Distolic BP

A

Lower blood pressure (ventricular filling)

76
Q

At what vessel level does gas exchange occur

A

Capillary beds

77
Q

What blood pressure do we measure with a pressure bag?

A

Arterial blood pressure, systolic/distolic

78
Q

Order blood distribution from highest volume to lowest

A

Venules/veins, systemic arteries/arterioles, pulmonary circuit, heart, capillaries

79
Q

Vascular tone at arteriole level is governed by

A

smooth muscle varying radius

80
Q

TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance

81
Q

Filtration pressures

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

82
Q

Absorption pressures

A

Blood collide osmotic pressure, interstitial hydrostatic pressure

83
Q

BHP

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

84
Q

IFOP

A

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

85
Q

BCOP

A

Blood collide osmotic pressure

86
Q

IFHP

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

87
Q

NFP definition & formulae

A

Net filtration pressure –> NFP = (BHP+IFOP)-(BCOP+IFHP)

88
Q

Arterial pressure, A.K.A

A

Net filtration pressure

89
Q

Venous pressure, A.K.A

A

Net reabsorption pressure

90
Q

NFP-NAP

A

Net filtration pressure - Net absorption pressure. This will be a positive value, as more

91
Q

CNS monitoring the blood pressure…

A

Baroreceptors, located on ascending arterial arch. Increased firing for high BP, decreased firing for low BP. Baroreceptors sned to cardiovascular center, then pack to ANS.

92
Q

Functions of ANS on cardiovascular system

A

SNS–> noreadreniline increases HR, constricts arterioles

PSNS–> Vagus nerve to heart, acetylcholine decreases heart rate

93
Q

What receptors are on the arterioles

A

Alpha and beta receptors

94
Q

Alcohol and heat cause

A

vasodilation, decreased heart rate

MEDSCI142 (9 decks)

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