muscles of spine and thorax

Question 1

paraspinal myo

Answer 1

• run on each side of spine

- some are attached to spine

Question 2

layers of paraspinal myo

Answer 2

deep to superficial, medial to lateral:

• rotatores
• multifidi
• semispinalis
• spinalis
• longissimus
• iliocostalis

Question 3

erector spinae – general description

Answer 3

long, vertical fibers that run from sacrum to occiput along both sides of spine

Question 4

erector spinae – names of 3 groups + their subgroups

Answer 4

spinalis thoracis
spinalis cervicis

longissimus thoracis
longissimus cervicis
longissimus capitis

iliocostals lumborum
iliocostals thoracis
iliocostals cervicis

Question 5

erector spinae – actions

Answer 5

• laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally)

- extend the vertebral column (bilaterally)

Question 6

erector spinae – nerve

Answer 6

spinal nerve

Question 7

transversospinalis – general description

Answer 7

• short, diagonal fibers that form an intricate stitch-like design
• fibers extend at varying lengths from the transverse + spinous processes of vertebrae (hence the name “transversospinalis”)

Question 8

transversospinalis – names of 3 groups

Answer 8

multifidi + rotatores (synergists)

semispinalis capitis

Question 9

rotatores + multifidi – unique character

Answer 9

• smallest myo of spine

Question 10

rotatores + multifidi – origin

Answer 10

• TVP’s of lumbar thru cervical vert.

- sacrum (multifidi only)

Question 11

rotatores + multifidi – insertion

Answer 11

• spinous procsses of lumbar vert. thru C-2
• rotatores span 1 to 2 vertebrae *
• multifidi span 2 to 4 vertebrae *

Question 12

rotatores + multifidi – actions

Answer 12

• rotate the vert. column to the opposite side (unilaterally)
• extend the vert. column (bilaterally)

Question 13

rotatores + multifidi – nerve

Answer 13

spinal nerve

Question 14

semispinalis capitis – origin

Answer 14

TVP’s of C-4 to T-5

Question 15

semispinalis capitis – insertion

Answer 15

b/w the superior + inferior nuchal lines of the occiput

Question 16

semispinalis capitis – actions

Answer 16

extend vert. column + head

Question 17

semispinalis capitis – nerve

Answer 17

cervical nerve

Question 18

splenius capitis + splenius cervicis – general description

Answer 18

• long myo that run obliquely along upper back + posterior neck (instead of running parallel to spine)
• “capitis” = skull
• “cervicis” = cervical spine

Question 19

splenius capitis + splenius cervicis – origin

Answer 19

• spinous processes of C-7 to T-4 (capitis)

- spinous processes of T-3 to T-6 (cervicis)

Question 20

splenius capitis + splenius cervicis – insertion

Answer 20

• mastoid process + superior nuchal line (capitis)

- TVP’s of C-1 to C-3 (cervicis)

Question 21

splenius capitis + splenius cervicis – actions

Answer 21

• rotate head + neck to same side (unilaterally)
• laterally flex head + neck (unilaterally)
• extend head + neck (bilaterally)

Question 22

splenius capitis + splenius cervicis – nerve

Answer 22

cervical nerve

Question 23

suboccipitals – general description

Answer 23

• responsible for tiny mvts of head (rocking, tilting)
• also stabilize atlas + axis
• deepest myo of upper posterior neck

Question 24

suboccipitals – names of 4 pairs

Answer 24

rectus capitis posterior major
rectus capitus posterior minor
oblique capitis superior
oblique capitis inferior

Question 25

rectus capitis posterior major -- actions

Answer 25

- rock + tilt head back into extension | - rotate head to same side

Question 26

rectus capitus posterior minor -- action

Answer 26

rock + tilt head back into extension

Question 27

oblique capitis superior -- actions

Answer 27

- rock + tilt head back into extension | - laterally flex head to same side

Question 28

oblique capitis inferior -- action

Answer 28

rotate head to same side

Question 29

suboccipitals -- nerve

Answer 29

suboccipital nerve

Question 30

quadratus lumborum -- general description

Answer 30

- "hip hiker" myo - is actually considered an abdominal muscle (and is the deepest abdominal myo) - "quadratus" bc 4-sided shape; "lumborum" bc attaches to lumbar vert.

Question 31

quadratus lumborum -- origin

Answer 31

posterior iliac crest

Question 32

quadratus lumborum -- insertion

Answer 32

T-12 | TVP's of L-1 to L-4

Question 33

quadratus lumborum -- actions

Answer 33

- laterally tilt/ elevate the pelvis (unilaterally) - laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally) - stabilize last rib during forced inhale + exhale (bilaterally)

Question 34

quadratus lumborum -- nerve

Answer 34

lumbar plexus nerve

Question 35

abdominals -- names of 4 groups

Answer 35

rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis

Question 36

linea alba

Answer 36

- a fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdomen from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis - name means "white line"

Question 37

abdominal aponeurosis

Answer 37

layers of flat broad tendons in the abdominal area that serve as attachment sites for myo

Question 38

rectus abdominis -- origin

Answer 38

- pubic crest | - pubic symphysis

Question 39

rectus abdominis -- insertion

Answer 39

- cartilage of ribs 5, 6, 7 | - xiphoid process

Question 40

rectus abdominis -- actions

Answer 40

- flex vert. column | - tilt pelvis posteriorly

Question 41

external oblique -- origin

Answer 41

external surfaces of ribs 5 to 12

Question 42

external oblique -- insertion

Answer 42

- anterior part of iliac crest | - abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Question 43

external oblique -- actions

Answer 43

- laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally) - rotate vert. column to opposite side (unilaterally) - flex vert. column (bilaterally)

Question 44

internal oblique -- origin

Answer 44

- lateral inquinal ligament - iliac crest - thoracolumbar fascia

Question 45

internal oblique -- insertion

Answer 45

- lower 3 ribs | - abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Question 46

internal oblique -- actions

Answer 46

- laterally flex vert. column to same side (unilaterally) - rotate vert. column to same side (unilaterally) - flex vert. column (bilaterally)

Question 47

transverse abdominus -- origin

Answer 47

- lateral inquinal ligament - iliac crest - thoracolumbar fascia - lower 6 ribs

Question 48

transverse abdominus -- insertion

Answer 48

abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Question 49

transverse abdominus -- actions

Answer 49

compress abdominal contents

Question 50

diaphragm -- general description

Answer 50

- primary myo of respiration - broad umbrella-like shape separates upper + lower thoracic cavities - inhalation occurs when diaphram myo contracts + pulls central tendon inferiorly, creating vacuum that draws air into lungs

Question 51

diaphragm -- origin

Answer 51

- inner surface of lower 6 ribs - upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae - xiphoid process

Question 52

diaphragm -- insertion

Answer 52

central tendon

Question 53

diaphragm -- actions

Answer 53

- drawn down central tendon of diaphragm | - increase volume of thoracic cavity during inhalation

Question 54

diaphragm -- nerve

Answer 54

phrenic

Question 55

central tendon -- unique character

Answer 55

- not attached to any bone | - is the insertion of diaphragm, but not stabilized