bones of spine and thorax Flashcards
1
Q
bones of spine + thorax
A
24 spinal bones:
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- sacrum (4 or 5 fused vertebrae)
- coccyx (3 or 4 fused vertebrae)
2
Q
cervical vertebrae – range of motion + function
A
- most mobile of spinal bones
- supports weight of head + provides largest range of motion
3
Q
thoracic vertebrae – range of motion + function
A
- designed to minimize movement (12 thoracic vertebrae articulate with 12 pairs of ribs)
- function is to stabilize thoracic area + protect internal organs
4
Q
lumbar vertebrae – range of motion + function
A
- almost as much mobility as cervical vertebrae
- larger, stockier bones are designed to support weight of body
5
Q
thorax – includes
A
sternum + rib cage
6
Q
rib cage – includes
A
costal cartilage + 12 pairs of ribs
7
Q
costal cartilage
A
the softer part of rib cage that attaches rib bones to sternum
8
Q
costal chondral joints
A
where costal cartilage meets with rib bone
9
Q
“true ribs”
A
ribs 1-7 (b/c they attach directly to sternum)
10
Q
“false ribs”
A
ribs 8-12 (b/c they attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage)
11
Q
“floating ribs”
A
ribs 11 + 12 (b/c they do not attach to sternum or costal cartilage at all)
12
Q
abbreviations for bones of spine + thorax
A
C-1, C-2 (1st, 2nd cervical)
T-1, T-2 (1st, 2nd thoracic)
L-1, L-2 (1st, 2nd lumbar)
S-1, S-2 (1st, 2nd sacral) (less often used)
Co-1, Co-2 (1st, 2nd coccyx) (less often used)
13
Q
C-1 and C-2 also known as
A
atlas (C-1)
axis (C-2)
14
Q
atlas – bony landmarks
A
- anterior tubercle
- anterior arch (smaller than posterior arch)
- articular facet for odontoid process*
- superior facets (2, kidney shaped)
- inferior facets (2, round)
- transverse foramen (2)
- transverse process (2) (slope downward)
- groove for vertebral artery (2)
- lamina (2)
- posterior tubercle
- posterior arch
- vertebral foramen
15
Q
atlas – unique qualities
A
- only cervical vert. w/ no spinous process
- designed to fit exactly with axis (e.g. articular facet for odontoid process)
- TVP’s are much wider than other cervicals
16
Q
lateral masses of cervicals
A
- most bulky + solid part of cervical vertebrae that function to support weight of head
- includes superior + inferior facets (which are connected via anterior + posterior arches)
17
Q
transverse foramen
A
- unique to cervical vertebrae
- holes in transverse processes where arteries + veins pass thru
18
Q
vertebral foramen
A
hole in center of vertebrae where spinal column passes thru
19
Q
superior + inferior facets
A
- flat surface, usu. concave or convex
- where one vertebrae articulates with another
20
Q
axis – bony landmarks
A
- odontoid process (dens)*
- superior facets (2)
- inferior facets (2)
- transverse process (2) (slope downward)
- transverse foramen (2) (can be viewed laterally)
- lamina (2)
- spinous process (bifid)
- vertebral foramen
21
Q
lamina
A
- when vertebrates are born, lamina are not fused
- during development, 2 lamina fuse + come together to become spinous process
22
Q
bifid spinous process
A
- unique to vertebrates
- bifid only C-2 to C-6 (not on C-1 or C-7)
“bifid” = forked
23
Q
spina bifida
A
- a developmental congenital disorder where lamina fail to fuse + no spinous process forms (on one or a few vertebrae)
- leaves an opening where spinal cord may protrude through the opening in the bones
- treatment is surgery for infants + involves fusing lamina together
24
Q
transitional vertebrae
A
- vertebrae that display atypical characteristics b/c they’re transitioning from one area to another
- transitional vertebrae tend to be very problematic (prone to subluxation)
- C-1 and C-2, which transition from skull to cervical vertebrae
- C-7 and T-1, which transition from cervical to thoracic vertebrae
- T-12 and L-1, which transition from thoracic to lumbar vertebrae
25
spinal cord
- nervous tissue that's protected by spinal column
| - is thicker at top near brain
26
spinous process
- posterior projection of vertebrae; visible as bumps down center of back
- designed as attachment sites for layers of muscles, ligaments, and fasciae
- much larger at lumbar
- smaller, closer together + angle downward at thoracic (compared to lumbar)
- shorter + smaller at cervical (compared to thoracic)
- C-1 is only vertebra that does not have a spinous process
27
cervical vertebrae -- bony landmarks (not incl. C-1 and C-2)
- body*
- canal for spinal nerve (2)*
- anterior tubercle
- superior facets (2)
- inferior facets (2)
- transverse process (2)
- transverse foramen (2)
- lamina (2)
- lamina groove (2)
- posterior tubercle
- posterior arch
- vertebral foramen
28
cervical vertebrae -- slope of facets
- superior facets face superior + posterior
- inferior facets face inferior + anterior
- inferior facet on C-2 is angled to fit superior facet on C-3
29
thoracic vertebrae -- slope of facets
- superior facets face posterior
| - inferior facets face anterior
30
lumbar vertebrae -- slope of facets
- superior facets face medially
| - inferior facets face laterally
31
sinovial joints
joints at facets of vertebrae
32
thoracic vertebrae -- unique qualities
thoracic vert. same as cervical vert. except:
- spinous process is longer + angles down
- NO transverse foramen
- NO bifid spinous process
- superior facets face posterior; inferior facets face anterior
- ribs articulate with transverse process
33
C-7 and T-1 transitional vertebrae
- C-7 and T-1 are transitional vert. (they look alike + take on qualities of other group)
- C-7 does not have bifid, but has longer spinous process
34
costovertebral joint
where rib bone articulates w/ body of thoracic vertebrae
35
costotransverse joint
where rib bone articulates w/ transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
36
intervertebral disc
- discs exist between all vertebrae EXCEPT no disc b/w C-1 and C-2, or b/w C-1 and skull
- are a cartilaginous joint that allows slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold vertebrae together
37
lumbar vertebrae -- unique qualities
lumbar vert. same as other vertebrae except:
- NO transverse foramen or bifid spinous process (which are unique to cervical vertebrae)
- superior facets face medially; inferior facets face laterally
38
ribs -- bony landmarks
- vertebral ends are bumpy; sternal end is smooth
- head, neck, tubercle (vertebral end)
- angle
39
pedicles
- pedicles of vertebral arch are 2 short, thick processes which connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
- it is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in laminectomy and spinal fusion procedures
"pediculus" = small foot
40
sternum -- bony landmarks
- jugular notch
- manubrium
- sternal angle
- body of sternum
- xiphoid process
- articulations w/ ribs (on lateral sides)
41
vertebral prominence
C-7 b/c its spinous process sticks out further than any other vertebra
(however, every once in awhile T-1 is more prominent than C-7. so to be sure you're on C-7, check to make sure that C-6, which is the last freely movable cervical, is immediately above)
42
scoliosis
- lateral deviation of spine
| - there are 2 types of scoliosis: functional + structural
43
functional scoliosis
- due to myo problems (myo is stronger on one side of the spine, and weaker on the other side)
- can be treated + reversed
- caused by repeated unbalanced activity such as carrying heavy purse or heavy object always on one side
44
structural scoliosis
- osseous problem; developed as a result of deformed vertebrae / unequal growth of the two sides of the vertebral bodies
- much more serious than functional scoliosis
- e.g. hemivertebra where half the bod of a vertebra doesn't develop (congenital birth defect)
45
curves of spine
- cervical lordosis
- thoracic kyphosis
- lumbar lordosis
- sacral kyphosis
46
primary curve
kyphosis
47
secondary curve
lordosis
48
hyperkyphosis
hunchback spine
49
hyperkyphoscoliosis
both hunchback + scoliosis
50
pelvis -- bony landmarks
- iliac crest
- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
- posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
- posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
51
sacrum -- bony landmarks
- median sacral crest (where spinous processes are located)
- lateral sacral crests (remnants of TVP's, one on each side of median sacral crest)
- posterior sacral foramen (holes on eather side of median sacral crest, as seen from back)
- anterior sacral foramen (holes seen from front of body)
- transverse ridges (remnants of intervertebral discs of sacral vert., visible from anterior sacrum)
- sacral promontory
52
palpation landmarks on spine
```
C-7 and base of neck
T-2 and superior angle of scapula
T-3 and spine of scapula
T-7 and inferior angle of scapula (sometimes T-6)
T-12 and rib 12
L-4 and top of iliac crest
S-2 at level or PSIS
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