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anatomy 1A > bones of spine and thorax > Flashcards

bones of spine and thorax Flashcards

1
Q

bones of spine + thorax

A

24 spinal bones:

  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • sacrum (4 or 5 fused vertebrae)
  • coccyx (3 or 4 fused vertebrae)
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2
Q

cervical vertebrae – range of motion + function

A
  • most mobile of spinal bones

- supports weight of head + provides largest range of motion

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3
Q

thoracic vertebrae – range of motion + function

A
  • designed to minimize movement (12 thoracic vertebrae articulate with 12 pairs of ribs)
  • function is to stabilize thoracic area + protect internal organs
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4
Q

lumbar vertebrae – range of motion + function

A
  • almost as much mobility as cervical vertebrae

- larger, stockier bones are designed to support weight of body

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5
Q

thorax – includes

A

sternum + rib cage

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6
Q

rib cage – includes

A

costal cartilage + 12 pairs of ribs

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7
Q

costal cartilage

A

the softer part of rib cage that attaches rib bones to sternum

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8
Q

costal chondral joints

A

where costal cartilage meets with rib bone

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9
Q

“true ribs”

A

ribs 1-7 (b/c they attach directly to sternum)

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10
Q

“false ribs”

A

ribs 8-12 (b/c they attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage)

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11
Q

“floating ribs”

A

ribs 11 + 12 (b/c they do not attach to sternum or costal cartilage at all)

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12
Q

abbreviations for bones of spine + thorax

A

C-1, C-2 (1st, 2nd cervical)
T-1, T-2 (1st, 2nd thoracic)
L-1, L-2 (1st, 2nd lumbar)
S-1, S-2 (1st, 2nd sacral) (less often used)
Co-1, Co-2 (1st, 2nd coccyx) (less often used)

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13
Q

C-1 and C-2 also known as

A

atlas (C-1)

axis (C-2)

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14
Q

atlas – bony landmarks

A
  • anterior tubercle
  • anterior arch (smaller than posterior arch)
  • articular facet for odontoid process*
  • superior facets (2, kidney shaped)
  • inferior facets (2, round)
  • transverse foramen (2)
  • transverse process (2) (slope downward)
  • groove for vertebral artery (2)
  • lamina (2)
  • posterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
  • vertebral foramen
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15
Q

atlas – unique qualities

A
  • only cervical vert. w/ no spinous process
  • designed to fit exactly with axis (e.g. articular facet for odontoid process)
  • TVP’s are much wider than other cervicals
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16
Q

lateral masses of cervicals

A
  • most bulky + solid part of cervical vertebrae that function to support weight of head
  • includes superior + inferior facets (which are connected via anterior + posterior arches)
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17
Q

transverse foramen

A
  • unique to cervical vertebrae

- holes in transverse processes where arteries + veins pass thru

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18
Q

vertebral foramen

A

hole in center of vertebrae where spinal column passes thru

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19
Q

superior + inferior facets

A
  • flat surface, usu. concave or convex

- where one vertebrae articulates with another

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20
Q

axis – bony landmarks

A
  • odontoid process (dens)*
  • superior facets (2)
  • inferior facets (2)
  • transverse process (2) (slope downward)
  • transverse foramen (2) (can be viewed laterally)
  • lamina (2)
  • spinous process (bifid)
  • vertebral foramen
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21
Q

lamina

A
  • when vertebrates are born, lamina are not fused

- during development, 2 lamina fuse + come together to become spinous process

22
Q

bifid spinous process

A
  • unique to vertebrates
  • bifid only C-2 to C-6 (not on C-1 or C-7)

“bifid” = forked

23
Q

spina bifida

A
  • a developmental congenital disorder where lamina fail to fuse + no spinous process forms (on one or a few vertebrae)
  • leaves an opening where spinal cord may protrude through the opening in the bones
  • treatment is surgery for infants + involves fusing lamina together
24
Q

transitional vertebrae

A
  • vertebrae that display atypical characteristics b/c they’re transitioning from one area to another
  • transitional vertebrae tend to be very problematic (prone to subluxation)
  • C-1 and C-2, which transition from skull to cervical vertebrae
  • C-7 and T-1, which transition from cervical to thoracic vertebrae
  • T-12 and L-1, which transition from thoracic to lumbar vertebrae
25
Q

spinal cord

A
  • nervous tissue that’s protected by spinal column

- is thicker at top near brain

26
Q

spinous process

A
  • posterior projection of vertebrae; visible as bumps down center of back
  • designed as attachment sites for layers of muscles, ligaments, and fasciae
  • much larger at lumbar
  • smaller, closer together + angle downward at thoracic (compared to lumbar)
  • shorter + smaller at cervical (compared to thoracic)
  • C-1 is only vertebra that does not have a spinous process
27
Q

cervical vertebrae – bony landmarks (not incl. C-1 and C-2)

A
  • body*
  • canal for spinal nerve (2)*
  • anterior tubercle
  • superior facets (2)
  • inferior facets (2)
  • transverse process (2)
  • transverse foramen (2)
  • lamina (2)
  • lamina groove (2)
  • posterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
  • vertebral foramen
28
Q

cervical vertebrae – slope of facets

A
  • superior facets face superior + posterior
  • inferior facets face inferior + anterior
  • inferior facet on C-2 is angled to fit superior facet on C-3
29
Q

thoracic vertebrae – slope of facets

A
  • superior facets face posterior

- inferior facets face anterior

30
Q

lumbar vertebrae – slope of facets

A
  • superior facets face medially

- inferior facets face laterally

31
Q

sinovial joints

A

joints at facets of vertebrae

32
Q

thoracic vertebrae – unique qualities

A

thoracic vert. same as cervical vert. except:

  • spinous process is longer + angles down
  • NO transverse foramen
  • NO bifid spinous process
  • superior facets face posterior; inferior facets face anterior
  • ribs articulate with transverse process
33
Q

C-7 and T-1 transitional vertebrae

A
  • C-7 and T-1 are transitional vert. (they look alike + take on qualities of other group)
  • C-7 does not have bifid, but has longer spinous process
34
Q

costovertebral joint

A

where rib bone articulates w/ body of thoracic vertebrae

35
Q

costotransverse joint

A

where rib bone articulates w/ transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

36
Q

intervertebral disc

A
  • discs exist between all vertebrae EXCEPT no disc b/w C-1 and C-2, or b/w C-1 and skull
  • are a cartilaginous joint that allows slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold vertebrae together
37
Q

lumbar vertebrae – unique qualities

A

lumbar vert. same as other vertebrae except:

  • NO transverse foramen or bifid spinous process (which are unique to cervical vertebrae)
  • superior facets face medially; inferior facets face laterally
38
Q

ribs – bony landmarks

A
  • vertebral ends are bumpy; sternal end is smooth
  • head, neck, tubercle (vertebral end)
  • angle
39
Q

pedicles

A
  • pedicles of vertebral arch are 2 short, thick processes which connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
  • it is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in laminectomy and spinal fusion procedures

“pediculus” = small foot

40
Q

sternum – bony landmarks

A
  • jugular notch
  • manubrium
  • sternal angle
  • body of sternum
  • xiphoid process
  • articulations w/ ribs (on lateral sides)
41
Q

vertebral prominence

A

C-7 b/c its spinous process sticks out further than any other vertebra

(however, every once in awhile T-1 is more prominent than C-7. so to be sure you’re on C-7, check to make sure that C-6, which is the last freely movable cervical, is immediately above)

42
Q

scoliosis

A
  • lateral deviation of spine

- there are 2 types of scoliosis: functional + structural

43
Q

functional scoliosis

A
  • due to myo problems (myo is stronger on one side of the spine, and weaker on the other side)
  • can be treated + reversed
  • caused by repeated unbalanced activity such as carrying heavy purse or heavy object always on one side
44
Q

structural scoliosis

A
  • osseous problem; developed as a result of deformed vertebrae / unequal growth of the two sides of the vertebral bodies
  • much more serious than functional scoliosis
  • e.g. hemivertebra where half the bod of a vertebra doesn’t develop (congenital birth defect)
45
Q

curves of spine

A
  • cervical lordosis
  • thoracic kyphosis
  • lumbar lordosis
  • sacral kyphosis
46
Q

primary curve

A

kyphosis

47
Q

secondary curve

A

lordosis

48
Q

hyperkyphosis

A

hunchback spine

49
Q

hyperkyphoscoliosis

A

both hunchback + scoliosis

50
Q

pelvis – bony landmarks

A
  • iliac crest
  • anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
  • posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  • posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
51
Q

sacrum – bony landmarks

A
  • median sacral crest (where spinous processes are located)
  • lateral sacral crests (remnants of TVP’s, one on each side of median sacral crest)
  • posterior sacral foramen (holes on eather side of median sacral crest, as seen from back)
  • anterior sacral foramen (holes seen from front of body)
  • transverse ridges (remnants of intervertebral discs of sacral vert., visible from anterior sacrum)
  • sacral promontory
52
Q

palpation landmarks on spine

A 
C-7 and base of neck
T-2 and superior angle of scapula
T-3 and spine of scapula
T-7 and inferior angle of scapula (sometimes T-6)
T-12 and rib 12
L-4 and top of iliac crest
S-2 at level or PSIS

anatomy 1A (5 decks)

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