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Body Logistics (Milly's) > Muscles + Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Muscles + Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does epimysium surround?

A

Muscles

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2
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Muscles that are attached to bone/cartilage

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3
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is a fascicle?

A

A group of muscle fibres

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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6
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is the endomysium made of?

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does the endomysium surround?

A

Muscle fibres

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8
Q

What are intrinsic muscles?

A

Muscles that aren’t attached to bone or cartilage, instead attached to something else (ie other muscles)

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9
Q

In skeletal muscle, What surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, what is a muscle fibre surrounded by?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, What do you call a group of muscle fibres?

A

Fascicle

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10
Q

In skeletal muscle, What is perimysium?

A

Connective tissue carrying nerves and blood

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle? (What are their sizes?)

A

Red (narrow), intermediate and white (wide)

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13
Q

What are the bands within skeletal muscle?

A

M band
H band
A band

(Remember: My Hands are Amazing)

Z band
I band

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14
Q

In skeletal muscle, What does perimysium surround?

A

Fascicles

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15
Q

In skeletal muscle, What do many fascicles make up?

A

Muscle

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16
Q

What does calcium bind to in skeletal muscles?

A

Troponin

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17
Q

In skeletal muscle, What surrounds a muscle?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

What are the thick filaments in skeletal muscle called?

A

Myosin

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19
Q

What are the thin filaments in skeletal muscle called?

A

Actin

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20
Q

What are the cells like that make up skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Multinucleated peripheral cells

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21
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The wasting of muscles, when destruction>replacement

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22
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

The growth of muscles, destruction

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of atrophy? Give brief descriptions of the types

A

Disuse- due to prolonged bedrest/sedentary lifestyle, loss of protein occurs
Muscle- occurs naturally with age (affects temp regulation)
Denervation- when neurones are severed meaning muscles stop working

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24
Q

What happens to the muscle during hypertrophy?

A

The muscle fibres increase in diameter

Metabolic changes occur: more enzyme activity for glycolysis, More mitochondria, more stored glycogen, more blood flow

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25
Q

What increases in number when you stretch your muscles?

A

Sarcomeres

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26
Q

What decreases in number when you immobilise a muscle

A

Sarcomeres

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27
Q

What does having more sarcomeres mean?

A

Long muscles

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28
Q

What does have few sarcomeres mean?

A

Reduced muscle length

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29
Q

What system do NPs act to counter?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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30
Q

What does Ca2+ binding in skeletal muscle cause and how?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move, allowing the myosin filaments to attach to the actin filaments creating cross bridges and causing a contraction

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30
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

ATP binds to myosin head
Hydrolysed to give ADP+Pi
This causes myosin head to form a cross bridge with the actin filament
Power stroke triggered, ADP and Pi are released during the power stroke
Myosin head remains attached to actin filament though
Only released when a new molecule of ATP binds to myosin
It is the hydrolyses of this ATP that would result in another power stroke

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31
Q

When would troponin be released?

A

If muscle is ischaemic

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32
Q

What could you do to assess the level of ischaemia within a body?

A

Troponin assay

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33
Q

Where do you find Creatine Kinase (CK)?

A

In metabolically active tissues

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34
Q

What can CK be used to indicate?

A 
Myocardial infarctions (and size of)
General skeletal muscle/brain tissue damage
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35
Q

What two types of muscle types are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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36
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have? Where are they located?

A

Single (mostly)

In the centre

37
Q

How many nuclei do skeletal muscle fibres have? Where are they located?

A

Multinucleated

Peripheral

38
Q

How many nuclei do smooth muscle fibres have? Where are they located?

A

Single

Central

39
Q

What are the defining features of cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs (which effectively replace the intercalated discs)
Branching
No myofibrils (things that make up muscle fibre)
Diad

41
Q

What part of the troponin does Ca2+ bind to?

A

TnC subunit

42
Q

What does hyperplasia mean in terms of muscles?

A

There is a multiplication in the number of cells

43
Q

What are released when there is atrial/ventricular distension?

A

Natriuretic peptides

44
Q

When are natriuretic peptides released?

A

When there is atrial/ventricular distension

45
Q

What do Natriuretic peptides do?

A

Reduce arterial BP by reducing blood volume and systemic vascular resistance
Done by the kidneys allowing the loss of more water and Na+

46
Q

What does the tunica intima consist off?

A

Endothelium
Subendothelial
Lamina propria

47
Q

In what cells are ANPs made, stored and released by?

A

Atrial myocytes

48
Q

Where is BNP synthesised?

A

Brain and ventricles

49
Q

What are the 2 main types of BNP?

A

BNP (32 aa’s long) and NT-pro-BNP (76 aa’s long)

NT=n terminal

50
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Specialised myocardial cells, that conduct/transmit action potentials from AVN to ventricles

51
Q

What makes purkinje fibres different from normal myocardiac cells? (4)

A

Bigger
More glycogen
Sparse filaments
Extensive gap junction (allow fast conduction)

53
Q

What are the 2 types of natriuretic peptides?

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptides (ANP)

Brain-type Natriuretic peptides (BNP)

54
Q

What are the defining features of smooth muscle? (3)

A

Non-striated,
No sarcomeres,
No tubules

55
Q

Despite being neither striated nor having sarcomeres, what do smooth muscles still have?

A

Actin-myosin interactions

56
Q

How do smooth muscle contractions differ from that of skeletal or cardiac muscle contractions?

A

Slower,
More sustainable
Require less ATP

57
Q

What does smooth muscle form?

A

Sheets/bundles/layers

58
Q

What are two specialised smooth muscle cells?

A

Myoepithelial cells and myofibroblasts

59
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Form basket Work around exocrine glands and contract to assist with secretion (ie moving milk, saliva, sweat into ducts).

60
Q

What do myofibroblasts do?

A

Present at wound healing sites, produce collagenous matrix and can contact to close wound

61
Q

How are the myosin and action filaments arranged in a smooth muscle cell?

A

Diagonally so cell contracts in a twisting way

62
Q

What are the regeneration capabilities of all 3 muscle types?

A

Skeletal- little regeneration (mitotic activity of satellite cells)
Cardiac- no regeneration (fibroblast lay down scar tissue)
Smooth- good regeneration (cells retain mitotic activity)

63
Q

What does the Frank-Starling curve show?

A

The larger the volume entering the ventricles, the greater the force of contraction

64
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood ejected by the L. Ventricle in a single contraction

65
Q

What is the ventricular end diastolic volume?

A

Vol of blood in ventricle just before a contraction

66
Q

What does the Frank starling curve illustrate about sarcomere length?

A

That if the sarcomeres are stretched to wide (due to too large a ventricular end diastole volume) then stroke volume decreases because contractions cant occur

67
Q

What is the name of the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

68
Q

What gets thicker as veins get larger?

A

The tunica intima

69
Q

What is the name of the valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary valve (semilunar)

70
Q

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

71
Q

What is the name of the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

Aortic valve (semilunar)

72
Q

What are symptoms of left heart failure? (3)

A

Tachycardia, fatigue, pulmonary congestion

73
Q

What are the symptoms of right heart failure? (2)

A

Ascites, dependent oedema

74
Q

How can someone with left heart failure get pulmonary oedema?

A

Backing up of blood, increases hydrostatic pressure, fluid moves out of blood into alveoli

75
Q

What can be measured in blood/urine that might result from dead muscle in the leg? (3)

A

CK levels
Protein levels (proteins only found in muscles may be circulating)
pH levels- if lactate is released

76
Q

What is the distribution of blood around the heart + lungs, arteries, veins and capillaries? (Give in order of most blood to least blood)

A

Veins (65%)
Heart+lungs (20%)
Arteries (10%)
Capillaries (5%)

77
Q

Where is smooth muscle located on metarterioles?

A

The point at which capillaries branch off (function as sphincters)

78
Q

What does the tunica media consist of?

A

Smooth muscles

79
Q

What is an end artery?

A

Terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a body part, without significant collateral circulation

80
Q

Name functional end arteries (4)

A

Coronary
Splenic
Cerebral
Renal

81
Q

Why are post capillary venules more permeable to water than capillaries?

A

To encourage fluid reuptake

82
Q

Name absolute end arteries (1)

A

Central retina supplying artery

83
Q

List in order the 10 vessels/organs that the blood travels through

A 
Heart
Large arteries 
Medium arteries
Arterioles
Metarterioles
Capillaries 
Post capillary venules
Venules
Medium veins 
Large veins
84
Q

What is the path that electrical signals in the heart take?

A

SAN, AVN, Bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

85
Q

What is capacitance?

A

The ability of a vessel to hold large amounts of blood without increasing the blood pressure
(Veins are capacitance vessels because they have thin non-elastic walls)

86
Q

Name the 3 arteries that stem from the arch of aorta

A

Common carotid
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic trunk (which separates into the other arteries)

86
Q

What are the layers of the arteries?

A 
Tunica intima (endothelial)
Tunica media (smooth muscles cells and elastic tissue)
Tunica externa (connective tissue)
87
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Excessive localised enlargement of an artery (caused by weakness in the arterial wall)

89
Q

What is the basic structure of veins?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

90
Q

What does the tunica externa consist of?

A

Connective tissue

90
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Cells that form branching networks around capillaries and can differentiate into muscle cells or fibroblasts

Body Logistics (Milly's) (9 decks)

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