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Body Logistics (Milly's) > Bone And Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone And Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of bone development?

What type of bone do they produce?

A 
Endochondral ossification (long bones)
Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)
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2
Q

What are the sections of the bones called?

What is the point of growth called?

A

End- epiphysis
Middle- diaphysis
Intermediate between both- metaphysis
Growth point= epiphyseal growth plate

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3
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification (5 steps)

A

1) Hyaline cartilage replaced by periosteal bone on edges of bone
2) calcification of diaphysis occurs and the primary ossifictaion centre appears
3) calcified area becomes spongy (cancellous) bone, growth plates appear as do secondary ossification centres
4) calcification occurs in the epiphysis, growth plates move apart
5) growth plates replaced by spongy (cancellous bone), hyaline cartilage remains at articulating surfaces

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4
Q

What is the starting point of endochondral ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

What is the starting point for intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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6
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification (5 steps)

A

1) stem cells form nidus
2) stem cells become osteoprogenitor cells
3) osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts and lay down osteoid
4) osteoid mineralises forming (rudimentary bone tissue) spicules
5) spicules fuse to form trabeculae which form woven bone which from mature compact bone

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7
Q

What do you call the initial group of mesenchymal stem cells in intramembranous ossification?

A

A nidus

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8
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Lay down osteoid

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9
Q

What type of collagen is in osteoid?

A

Type 1

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10
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact (Cortical) and cancellous (spongy)

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11
Q

Describe features of cancellous bone

A 
Found in the middle of bones
Spaces filled with bone marrow
Combines strength and lightness
Has trabeculae
Highly vascular
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12
Q

Describe the features of compact bone

A

External
Has haversian and volkmanns canal
Has lamellae
Has no trabeculae

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13
Q

What is the difference between mature and immature bone?

A

Mature bone has osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae of osteons and the reabsorption canals run parallel with the osteons’ long axons.
Immature bone has osteocytes arranged randomly and has no haversian or volkmanns canals

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14
Q

What are the layers of compact bone? (List outside in)

A 
Peristeal
Outer circumferential lamellae
Osteons
Interstitial lamellae
Inner circumferential lamellae
Endosteum

(Remember the mnemonic: POO Is Incredible Entertaining)

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15
Q

What cells break down bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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16
Q

What do osteoclasts use to breakdown bone?

A

H+ and lysosomal enzymes

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17
Q

What cells relays bone? What do they lay down and how does it become bone?

A

Osteoblasts

Relay osteoid which becomes spicules which becomes trabeculae which becomes a new osteon (with concentric lamellae)

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18
Q

What are the four stages of bone repair?

A

1) haematoma formation
2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3) boney callus formation
4) bone remodelling

(Remember the mnemonic: He Found, Fat Cats Fighting, Beneath Chicago’s Foot, Bridge Recently)

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19
Q

What happens during haematoma formation? Which stage of bone repair is this?

A 
Haematoma forms
Cells die (lack of blood)
Swelling due to inflammatory response 
Dead/damages tissue is removed by phagocytosis (phagocytic cells and osteoclasts)
Macrophages remove clot

1st stage

20
Q

What happens during fibrocartilaginous callus formation? What stage of bone repair is this?

A

Angiogenesis
Soft callus formation (rich in capillaries and fibroblasts)
Fibroblasts produce collagen
Some fibroblasts become chondrocytes and produce hyaline cartilage
Bulging of new matrix
Osteoblasts form immature cancellous bone

2nd stage

21
Q

What happens during boney callus formation? What stage of bone repair is this?

A

Trabeculae from bony callus (hard) of cancellous bone
Both types of bone development occur

3rd stage

22
Q

What happens during bone remodelling? What stage of bone repair is this?

A

Hard callus of cancellous bone becomes compact bone
Osteoclasts remove bulging

4th stage

23
Q

Why is mechanical stress a good thing after a bone break?

A

It promotes bone reformation and strengthening

24
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition in which bone mass decreases

Bone reabsorption>bone formation

25
Q

What is type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Occurs in post menopausal women, due to high osteoclasts number after oestrogen is withdrawn.

26
Q

What is type 2 osteoporosis?

A

Occurs in older people (senile +70)

Due to reduced osteoblasts function

27
Q

List the risk factors for osteoporosis (5)

A

Genetics (some ethnicities at more risk)
Insufficient Ca2+ intake (diet)
Insufficient vitamin D (lack of sun/ diet)
Exercise (bone strengthening)
Cigarettes (has particular impact on women)

28
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

29
Q

What type of collagen is in hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage?

A

Hyaline and elastin = type 2

Fibrocartilage= type 1 (which is thicker)

30
Q

Does cartilage have a blood supply?

A

No, it is avascular

31
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Ground substance, cells and fibres

32
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Proteoglycans which is many GAG (glycosaminoglycans) attached to a core protein which are in turn attached to hyaluronic acid

33
Q

What cells are found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes only

As singles or isogenous groups (small clusters that separate as EXC matrix is laid)

34
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articulatin surfaces, foetal skeleton, trachea, bronchi etc

35
Q

How can. Hyaline cartilage resists varying pressure loads?

A

It is highly hydrated

36
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

Outer layer of perichondrium (dense connective tissue)
Elongated fibroblast-like cells that will develop into chondroblasts (and eventually chondrocytes)
Interterritorial (middle- where chondrocytes lie)
Structure repeats

37
Q

What do chondrocytes lie within in hyaline cartilage?

A

Lacuna

38
Q

What is the dense connective tissue which covers hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

39
Q

What cells do you find in elastic cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes only

40
Q

What makes elastic cartilage different from hyaline cartilage?

A

There are many elastin fibres in elastin cartilage

41
Q

What properties do the elastin fibres convey to the elastic cartilage?

A

Elasticity and resilience

42
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

Pinna of ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube etc

43
Q

What is the dense connective tissue that surrounds elastic cartilage called?

A

Perichondrium

44
Q

What are the main functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Shock absorption and resisting shearing forces

45
Q

What cells do you find in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes and fibroblasts (cells in rows or isogneous groups)

46
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

A combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

47
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebrae discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint etc

Body Logistics (Milly's) (9 decks)

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