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Body Logistics (Milly's) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does food become during the course of digestion?

A

Food->bolus->chyme

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2
Q

What is the basic structure of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa- epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa (ct with nerves, blood and glands)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle)
Serosa membrane

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3
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract? (8)

A 
Provide port of entry for food
Mechanical disrupt food
Temporarily store food
Chemically digest food
Kill pathogens in food
Move food along tract
Absorb nutrient from food
Eliminate residual waste material
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4
Q

What does the mouth do? (3)

A

Produces saliva
Chemical digestion
Physical disruption

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5
Q

What is the structure of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa- epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa (ct with nerves, blood and glands)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle- perform peristalsis)
Adventitia

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6
Q

What cells make up the epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

Stratifies squamous non keratinised

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7
Q

How does the stomach physically and chemically disrupt the bolus?

A

Physical-churning

Chemical- acid and enzymes (eg. HCl + pepsin)

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8
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach? (3)

A

Storage
Disruption (churning)
Disinfection- acid kills bacteria

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9
Q

What is the mucosal rugae?

A

Folds of gastric mucosa which creates longitudinal ridges in empty stomach

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10
Q

What is the structure of the stomach?

A 
Gastric mucosa (secrete acid, digestive enzymes and hormones)
Submucosa 
Muscularis externa - 3 layers of smooth muscle (cause physical disruption)
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11
Q

What do the surface mucous cells secrete and why?

A

Mucus containing HCO3- ions which neutralises the stomach acid and protects the cells

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12
Q

What is the basic structure of a gastric pit?

A

Pit-mucus secreting cells
Isthmus-stem cells which repopulate the whole gland
Neck
Base

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13
Q

What are 3 cells that you find in gastric pits?

A

Parietal cells-secrete H+ and HCO3- (which is take in capillaries to surface mucus cells)
Chief cells-secrete pepsinogens=pepsin
Enteroendocrine cells-secrete gastrin - causes acid secretion in other cells

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum,jejunum, ileum

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15
Q

What glands are found in the duodenum glands?

A

Brunner’s glands- secrete HCO3- mucus which neutralises chyme

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16
Q

What happens to the chyme as it enters the duodenum?

A

It is diluted by water (from ECF and bile) and enzymes complete digestion

17
Q

What does absorption require? (3)

A

Energy
Good blood supply
Large SA and adequate contact time

18
Q

What is the basic structure of the jejunum?

A

Mucosa- epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa (ct with nerves, blood and glands)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle)

19
Q

What is plicae circulares?

A

The circular projections into the lumen created by the folding of the mucosa and submucosa

20
Q

What do the mucosa and submucosa create when they folding into circular folds and project into the lumen of the jejunum?

A

Plicae circulares

21
Q

By the end of the ileum, what does the chyme consist primarily of?

A

Water

22
Q

Name the 5 sections of the large intestine

A

Caecum, ascending colon, transfers colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

23
Q

What is the basic structure of colon?

A

Mucosa- epithelium (produce mucus and absorb water and electrolytes),lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa (ct with nerves, blood and glands)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle)

24
Q

What are the numerous folding in the colon called?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

25
Q

Why is there so much bacteria in the colon?

A

It is involved in synthesis of things ie vitamin B12/K
Breaks things down ie primary to secondary bile acids
Converts things ie bilirubin to non-pigmented metabolites

26
Q

What can a fluid imbalance lead to? (2)

A

Life threatening dehydration

Life threatening electrolyte imbalance

27
Q

What 3 ways is the GI tract controlled?

A

Neural->
Paracrine -> Mechanisms
Endocrine ->

28
Q

What are the two plexus called that neurally control the autonomic section of the GI tract?

A 
Myenteric plexus (between muscle layers of gut wall)
Submucosal plexus (between submucosa and muscularis externa)
29
Q

What two substances control the GI tract in a paracrine way?

A 
Histamine (controls acid production in stomach)
Vasoactive substances (affect blood flow in gut)
30
Q

What 3 hormones play a role in the GI tract control?

A

Secretin
CCK
Gastrin

Body Logistics (Milly's) (9 decks)

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