Muscles, bones, joints, and ligaments of the axial skeleton

Question 1

What is the most common site for degenerative spinal changes in the canine? The inability of a vertebral joint to move caused by osteoarthritis is called ________.

Answer 1

Between L7 and S1; Spondylosis

Question 2

Name the vertebral formula for canine, feline, equine, and ox.

Answer 2

Canine/Feline:
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20
Ox
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20
Equine
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20

Question 3

How many pairs of ribs do that canine, feline, and ox have? What about the equine?

Answer 3

13; 18

Question 4

Which part of the ribs articulate with the sternum?

Answer 4

Costal cartilage

Question 5

The _______junction is found between the bony and cartilaginous parts of the ribs.

Answer 5

Costochondral junction

Question 6

The central portion of each intervertebral disc is called the _______.

Answer 6

Nucleus pulposus

Question 7

What structures form the roof of the vertebral foramen?

Answer 7

Left and right laminae

Question 8

On the vertebral body, the cranial articular surface is ____________ and the caudal articular surface is ____________.

Answer 8

convex; concave

Question 9

Where do the spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through in the spine?

Answer 9

Within the intervertebral foramina

Question 10

The vertebral canal contains which important structure?

Answer 10

Spinal Cord

Question 11

What do the left and right pedicles of the vertebra form?

Answer 11

The arch and wall of vertebral foramen

Question 12

What is an infection of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs called?

Answer 12

Discosponylitis

Question 13

The caudal articular processes of the more cranial vertebra articulates with the ______articular processes of the more ______vertebra.

Answer 13

cranial; caudal

Question 14

When articulated, which cervical vertebrae structure serves as a canal for the vertebral artery, vein and nerve?

Answer 14

Transverse foramina

Question 15

The dens of the axis articulates with what structure?

Answer 15

Fovea dentis of the atlas

Question 16

When do the ribs start to articulate with the spine and end?

Answer 16

T1-T11

Question 17

What number rib would articulate with the cranial costal fovea of T8?

Answer 17

8

Question 18

Which parts and number of vertebrae would the head of rib 2 articulate with?

Answer 18

The cranial costal fovea of T 2 and the caudal costal fovea of rib T 1

Question 19

What are the differences between vertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, and vertebral ribs?

Answer 19

Vertebrosternal ribs articulate directly with the sternum (1-9). vertebrochondral ribs form the costal arch before articulating with the sternum (10-12). Vertebral ribs do not articulate with the sternum (13).

Question 20

What are the spaces between successive ribs called?

Answer 20

Intercostal spaces

Question 21

How many sternebrae are joined by intervertebral cartilages in the sternum?

Answer 21

8

Question 22

What is the ligament that attaches the cranial part of the spine of the axis to the dorsal arch of the atlas called?

Answer 22

Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament

Question 23

What stabilized the dens of the axis and prevents it from projecting dorsally, potentially into the spinal cord?

Answer 23

Transverse ligament of the atlas

Question 24

What does alar mean?

Answer 24

Wing

Question 25

Which ligaments hold the dens to the floor of the vertebral canal?

Answer 25

Alar and Apical

Question 26

What is the annulus fibrosus made of and where is it located?

Answer 26

Collagenous fibers; outer circumference of the intervertebral discs

Question 27

Where does the supraspinous ligament begin and end? What is this ligament holding together?

Answer 27

Caudal vertebrae to T1; apices of all spinous processes of vertebrae

Question 28

True or False: The nuchal ligament can be found in the canine and feline.

Answer 28

False: not found in the feline

Question 29

What ligament assists in supporting the weight of the head and aids in running?

Answer 29

nuchal ligament

Question 30

Which ligament extends from the sacrum to the axis?

Answer 30

Ventral longitudinal ligament

Question 31

The dorsal longitudinal ligament extends from the ________ to the ________.

Answer 31

Ca 1 ; axis

Question 32

Which two spaces in the spine are used for epidural anesthesia?

Answer 32

lumbosacral space; sacrococcygeal space

Question 33

The best place in the spine to aspirate cerebrospinal fluid is in the _________ joint.

Answer 33

Atlanto-occipital

Question 34

The intercapital ligaments connect which structures to each other?

Answer 34

Left and right ribs

Question 35

The dorsal boundary of the cervical visceral space is the _______ while the ventral boundary is the ________

Answer 35

Longus capitis and longus colli; sternothyrohyoideus

Question 36

Which structures can be found in the cervical visceral space?

Answer 36

``` Trachea Esophagus Carotid Sheath Tracheal lymph nodes Thyroid and parathyroid glands Laryngeal Nerves ```

Question 37

Which muscles act as inspiratory muscles?

Answer 37

``` Diaphragm Rectus thoracis External intercostals Scalenus Serratus dorsalis cranialis ```

Question 38

Which muscles act as expiratory muscles?

Answer 38

Serratus dorsalis caudalis Internal intercostals Transversus thoracis

Question 39

Which set us epaxial muscles are located the most laterally? What is the action of these muscles?

Answer 39

Iliocostalis system; the extend the head/neck

Question 40

The transversospinalis system is epaxial or hypaxial? Which muscles are included in this system?

Answer 40

Epaxial; Splenius Semispinalis capitis with biventer cervicis and complexus parts

Question 41

Where is the longissimus system of epaxial muscles located in relation to the iliocostalis and transversospinalis systems?

Answer 41

Intermediately between the two

Question 42

Which structures serve as the base for the femoral triangle?

Answer 42

Inguinal ligament; caudal border of the external abdominal oblique m.

Question 43

The caudal belly of the sartorius m. serves as the _____ border of the femoral triangle, while the pectineus m. serves as the ______ border.

Answer 43

Cranial; Caudal