Muscles - appendicular Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior Thorax - What does the subclavius muscle do?

A
  • Stabilizes and depresses the pectoral girdle.
  • Originates from the first rib and inserts into the clavicle.
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2
Q

Anterior Thorax - What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A
  • Draws the scapula forward and downward.
  • Attaches from the ribs to the coracoid process of the scapula.
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3
Q

Anterior Thorax - What does the serratus anterior muscle do?

A
  • Holds the scapula against the chest wall.
  • Spans from the ribs to the anterior vertebral border of the scapula.
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4
Q

Posterior Thorax - What is the function of the trapezius muscle?

A
  • Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
  • Extends from the occipital bone and vertebrae to the clavicle and scapula.
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5
Q

Posterior Thorax - What does the levator scapulae muscle do?

A
  • Elevates and adducts the scapula.
  • Runs from cervical vertebrae C1-C4 to the scapula.
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6
Q

Posterior Thorax - What is the function of the rhomboid muscles?

A
  • Assists in squaring the shoulders and rotating the scapula.
  • Located from the vertebrae to the scapula, deep to the trapezius.
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7
Q

Shoulder Joint - What does the pectoralis major do?

A
  • Flexes, adducts, and internal roatation of the arm.
  • Large chest muscle, crucial for actions like climbing and pushing.
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8
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles - What does the supraspinatus muscle do?

A
  • Assists with arm abduction.
  • Part of the rotator cuff, stabilizes the shoulder joint.
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8
Q

Shoulder Joint - What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • Prime mover of arm extension, adduction, and internal rotation.
  • Active in activities like rowing and swimming.
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9
Q

Shoulder Joint - What is the role of the deltoid muscle?

A
  • Prime mover of arm abduction.
  • Can also facilitate flexion, extension, and rotation of the arm.
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10
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles - What is the function of the infraspinatus muscle?

A
  • Aids in lateral rotation and adduction of the arm.
  • Part of the rotator cuff.
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11
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles - What does the teres minor do?

A
  • Works with the infraspinatus for lateral rotation and adduction of the arm.
  • Part of the rotator cuff.
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12
Q

Rotator Cuff Muscles - What is the role of the subscapularis muscle?

A
  • Contributes to medial rotation of the arm.
  • Part of the rotator cuff.
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13
Q

Teres Major & Coracobrachialis
- What do the teres major and coracobrachialis muscles do?

A
  • Act as synergists with the rotator cuff to stabilize and move the arm.
  • Aid in internal rotation and adduction of the humerus.
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14
Q

Crossing the Elbow Joint - What does the brachialis muscle do?

A
  • A major forearm flexor.
  • Lifts the ulna as the biceps brachii lifts the radius.
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14
Q

Crossing the Elbow Joint - What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A
  • Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
  • Originates from the scapula and inserts onto the radius.
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15
Q

Crossing the Elbow Joint - What is the role of the brachioradialis?

A
  • Acts as a synergist in forearm flexion.
  • Runs from the distal humerus to the distal radius.
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16
Q

Crossing the Elbow Joint - What is the function of the triceps brachii?

A
  • Powerful extensor of the forearm, straightening the arm at the elbow.
  • Contributes to shoulder joint stabilization.
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17
Q

Forearm - What are the two functional groups of forearm muscles?

A
  • Muscles enabling wrist movement.
  • Muscles controlling finger and thumb movements.
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18
Q

Forearm - What do the anterior forearm muscles do?

A
  • Primarily flex the wrist and fingers.
  • Attach to bones via the flexor retinaculum.
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19
Q

Forearm - What do the posterior forearm muscles do?

A
  • Primarily extend the wrist and fingers.
  • Attach to bones via the extensor retinaculum.
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19
Q

Forearm - What does the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle do?

A
  • Flexes the wrist and adducts the hand.
  • Stabilizes the wrist during finger extension.
  • Originates from the humerus and ulna, extending to the metacarpals.
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20
Q

Forearm - What is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?

A
  • Strong wrist flexor.
  • Aids in hand abduction.
  • Runs diagonally from the humerus to the metacarpals.
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21
Q

Forearm - What does the palmaris longus muscle do?

A
  • Weak wrist flexor.
  • Slightly assists in elbow flexion.
  • Extends from the humerus to the palmar aponeurosis.
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22
Forearm - What is the role of the pronator teres muscle?
- Primes forearm pronation. - Functions as a weak elbow flexor. - Runs from the humerus/ulna to the radius.
22
Forearm - What does the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle do?
- Flexes the wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5. - Originates from the humerus and ulna, inserts on the middle phalanges.
23
Forearm - What is the function of the flexor pollicis longus?
- Flexes the thumb, enabling grasping and pinching motions. - Extends from the radius and interosseous membrane to the distal phalanx of the thumb.
24
Posterior Forearm - What does the extensor digitorum muscle do?
- Extends the fingers, wrist, and abducts the fingers. - Originates from the humerus, inserts into the phalanges of the fingers.
25
Posterior Forearm - What do the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles do?
- Extend and abduct the wrist. - Extend from the humerus to the second (longus) and third (brevis) metacarpals.
26
Posterior Forearm - What is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
- Extends and adducts the wrist. - Stretches from the humerus and ulna to the fifth metacarpal.
27
Posterior Forearm - What is the role of the supinator muscle?
- Assists the biceps brachii in supinating the forearm. - Originates from the humerus and inserts onto the radius.
27
Posterior Forearm - What do the extensor pollicis longus and brevis muscles do?
- Extend the thumb at the carpometacarpal and interphalangeal joints. - Originate from the radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane.
28
Lower Limb - What is the function of the intrinsic hand muscles?
- Responsible for fine motor control of fingers and thumb. - Perform actions like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and opposition.
28
Lower Limb - What do the anterior muscles of the lower limb do?
- Primarily flex the femur at the hip and extend the leg at the knee. - Important for the forward swing phase of walking.
29
Lower Limb - What is the function of the posterior muscles of the lower limb?
- Extend the thigh and flex the leg. - Contribute to the backswing phase of walking.
29
Phases of Walking - What happens during the heel strike (initial contact) phase of walking?
The moment the heel touches the ground.
29
Lower Limb - What do the medial muscles of the lower limb do?
Primarily adduct the thigh.
30
Lower Limb - What are the general actions facilitated by muscles of the lower limb?
- Flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - circumduction - rotation of the hip and leg.
31
Phases of Walking - What occurs during the loading response (foot flat) phase of walking?
The foot is flat, and the body begins to pass over the standing leg.
32
Phases of Walking - What happens during the midstance phase of walking?
The body weight is directly over the standing limb.
32
Phases of Walking - What happens during the preswing (toe off) phase of walking?
The toes leave the ground, preparing for the swing phase.
33
Phases of Walking - What occurs during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of walking?
The heel lifts off the ground, and the body moves in front of the foot.
33
Phases of Walking - What occurs during the initial and mid-swing phases of walking?
The leg is moving forward.
34
Phases of Walking - What happens during the terminal swing phase of walking?
The leg completes its forward motion and prepares for the next heel strike.
35
Anterior Thigh - What is the function of the iliopsoas muscle?
- A prime mover of hip flexion, crucial for walking, running, and lifting the leg. - Originates from the iliac crest and T12 vertebrae, inserting into the femur.
36
Anterior Thigh - What does the sartorius muscle do?
- Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip and acts as a weak knee flexor. - The longest muscle in the human body, originating from the anterior superior iliac spine.
36
Medial Thigh - What is the function of the pectineus muscle?
- Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh. - Originates from the pubis and inserts into the femur.
36
Anterior Thigh - What is the role of the quadriceps femoris group?
- Extends the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip. - Composed of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
37
Medial Thigh - What do the adductor muscles (magnus, longus, brevis) do?
- Adduct, flex, and medially rotate the thigh. - Important for walking and stabilizing the hip when the knee is flexed.
38
Medial Thigh - What is the function of the gracilis muscle?
- Assists in adducting the thigh and medially rotating the leg during activities like walking. - Extends from the pubis to the medial tibia.
39
Posterior Thigh - What do the hamstrings do?
- Extend the thigh at the hip and flex the knee. - Includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
40
Posterior Thigh - What is the role of the gluteus medius?
- Abducts and medially rotates the thigh. - Important during walking.
41
Posterior Thigh - What does the gluteus maximus muscle do?
- Major extensor of the thigh, crucial for climbing stairs and running. - Originates from the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx.
42
Leg - What muscles are responsible for dorsiflexion and toe extension?
- Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extends toes 2-5 and dorsiflexes the foot. - Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes the foot and assists in foot inversion. - Extensor Hallucis Longus: Extends the great toe and assists in dorsiflexion.
43
Leg: lateral compartment - What do the fibularis longus and brevis muscles do?
- Plantar flex and evert the foot. - Originate from the fibula and course underfoot to the metatarsals.
44
Leg: posterior compartment - What is the function of the gastrocnemius muscle?
- Enables plantar flexion of the foot when the knee is extended and flexes the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed. - Inserts into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.
45
Leg: posterior compartment - What does the soleus muscle do?
- Powerful plantar flexor, active during walking, running, and dancing. - Located deeper than the gastrocnemius, attaching to the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.
46
Leg: posterior compartment - What is the function of the tibialis posterior?
- Prime mover of foot inversion. - Originates from the tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane.
47
Leg: posterior compartment - What does the flexor digitorum longus muscle do?
- Plantar flexes, inverts the foot, and flexes the toes. - Aids in gripping and stability.
48
Leg: posterior compartment - What is the role of the flexor hallucis longus?
- Plantar flexes and inverts the foot. - Flexes the great toe, crucial for push-off during walking and running.
49
What do the intrinsic muscles of the foot do?
- Assist in flexing, extending, abducting, and adducting the toes. - Help with grasping and balancing, similar to intrinsic hand muscles.